tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15290019013501371122024-02-06T18:09:16.000-08:00WORKERS HUB 4 CHANGEWH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.comBlogger241125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-67392602053908556082022-05-02T09:26:00.002-07:002022-05-02T09:26:38.819-07:00Media Statement – 3/5/2022(15 Groups) Is it the Minister or is it the Public Prosecutor that ‘protects’ Directors and/or humans in companies from being charged when OSH laws are breached and worker/s die? 174 workers killed and 249 disabled in 6,686 workplace accidents in 2021<p> <b><i><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Media Statement – 3/5/2022</span></u></i></b>
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Is it the
Minister or is it the Public Prosecutor that ‘protects’ Directors and/or humans
in companies from being charged when OSH laws are breached and worker/s die?</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">174 workers
killed and 249 disabled in 6,686 workplace accidents in 2021</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We, the <b>15 </b>undersigned
groups, trade unions and organization are concerned as to why human persons
responsible for worker safety and health are still not being charged in court
even when workers are killed or injured despite the fact that the Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 provides for this. Prosecution for offences under this
Act requires the consent of the Public Prosecutor, and as such one wonders <b>whether
it is the Public Prosecutor or is it the Minister that is deciding to charge only
the company, but not the director, manager, secretary or other like officer</b>
of the body corporate even when workers are killed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">It was recently reported that a
state-linked company (SLDB Management Sdn Bhd) and a manufacturing firm was found
guilty for the offence under Section 15(1) of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act 1994, for neglecting safety aspects, which resulted in the deaths of
their workers which provides for a fine of up to RM50,000 or a jail term of up
to two years, or both, upon conviction. It appears from the media report that
no ‘director, manager, secretary or other like officer of the body corporate…’
was charged(Star, 8/4/2022)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">After state-linked SLDB
Management Sdn Bhd pleaded guilty on Friday (April 8), the company was ordered by
the Sessions Court to pay a fine of <b><u>RM15,000</u></b> for the death of
Indonesian worker Cahya Abdullah at Ladang Bombong 1, Kampung Bombong in Kota
Marudu on May 25 2021. SLDB Management was also ordered to pay RM5,000 by April
14 to Cahya's next of kin.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In the other case, Englen
Manufacturing Sdn Bhd after its representative admitted to the charge, was
sentenced with a fine of <b><u>RM20,000</u></b> or three months' jail. The
company was accused of failing to ensure the safety of its worker Bonnie Roger,
who was involved in a fatal accident at its premises on May 15 last year at the
Kota KInabalu Industrial Park here.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">What is of concern is that no
human decision maker or owner of these companies were charged for these offences
despite the fact that Section 52 of the Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994
states ‘(1) Where a body corporate contravenes any provision of this Act or any
regulation made thereunder, every person who at the time of the commission of
the offence is a <b><u>director, manager, secretary or other like officer of
the body corporate</u></b> shall be deemed to have contravened the provision
and may be charged jointly in the same proceedings with the body corporate or
severally, and every such director, manager, secretary or other like officer of
the body corporate shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence.’ Subsection (2)
states, (2) <b>A person may be proceeded against and convicted under the
provision of subsection (1) whether or not the corporation has been proceeded
against</b> or has been convicted under that provision.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">It must be pointed out that in a company,
all decisions are made by human persons, including ensuring the safety of
workers. It is absurd that <b>only the company is charged in court, and not the
human decision makers or those responsible</b>. With regards to a company, they
can only be fined – it obviously cannot be imprisoned.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Concern arises about this
practice of not charging Directors and officers of the company, more so when it
is a government linked company (GLC), where Directors may be politically
appointed persons is a worry. Directors of companies have a great
responsibility not just to the shareholders but also to all workers, and
actions or omissions be it intentionally or negligently done, to avoid making
workplaces safe to protect workers and their health should no longer be
tolerated. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Even in the recent 2 cases in
Sabah, we find that the companies immediately admitted guilt, and as such there
will also not be any grounds of judgment that can be educational to other
employers to ensure that they do not ignore safety and health of workers. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The cases was dealt at the
Sessions Court, even when death was a result of the fault of the employer, and
this may also lead to non-dissemination and/or reporting of the grounds of
judgment in law journals. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">We take the view that <b>when a
worker dies, or is injured</b> by reason of an employer’s failure to ensure the
safety and health of a worker, this <b>matter should be dealt by the High Court</b>,
and <b>a higher penalty</b> ought to be imposed on the guilty employer company,
and its a director, manager, secretary or other like officer of the body
corporate. Black listing of such convicted companies and its directors may also
be needed to ensure employer’s place the highest regard to complying with the
law concerning occupational health and safety.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Statistics from the Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) showed that there were 6,686 workplace
accidents reported as of December 2021, of which <b>174 were fatal</b>. Another
<b>249 victims became disabled</b>. This shows that this issue is a very
serious issue for the protection of workers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Prior Written Consent Of The Public Prosecutor – Who decided
not to charge Directors,etc?</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Section 61 of the Occupational
Safety And Health Act 1994 states that ‘Prosecutions in respect of offences
committed under this Act or any regulation made thereunder may, with the<b><u>
prior written consent of the Public Prosecutor</u></b>, be instituted and
conducted by an occupational safety and health officer or by an officer
specially authorized in writing by the Director General subject to the
provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">By reason of the written consent
requirement, the Public Prosecutor may be the person refusing to give the
required consent if and when the Ministry wants to charge certain directors,
managers, secretary or other like officer of the body corporate, and so they
cannot be charged. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Alternatively, it may the
officers of the Ministry, being the ‘…occupational safety and health officer or
by an officer specially authorized in writing by the Director General…’ who
chooses not to charge any directors, managers, secretary or other like officer
of the body corporate.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This matter needs to be
clarified, and the reasons for not charging the human persons in these
companies need to be investigated. We hope that there is no corruption or abuse
of power involved.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The maximum fine from RM50,000
will be increased to RM500,000 by virtue of the Occupational Safety And Health
(Amendment) Act 2022, which was gazetted on 16/3/2022, but is not yet put into
force by the Minister, being the Human Resource Minister. Why the delay?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">As such, the Session Courts
imposition of fines of only RM15,000 and RM20,000 in the cases mentioned above
where workers died by reason of the companies’ breach of the law, when
Parliament had already decided to raise fines is also questionable. True, that
the current maximum applicable in this cases was only RM50,000, and justly
where the companies admitted guilt, maximum fines should have been imposed
since workers died by reason of the companies breach of the law.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Public Prosecutor and the
Minister must explain why <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>directors,
manager, secretary or other like officer of the body corporate are not being
charged and jailed more so in cases when the breach of law resulted in injury
or death of workers. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Every time that a company is
charged for such offences, the persons who are responsible for the acts/omissions
that resulted in the violation of the law reasonably must also be charged. It
is odd if just the company is charged, and not the human persons responsible. </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles
Hector</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apolinar
Z Tolentino Jr.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>For and on behalf of the following
15 groups/organisations </i></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Building and Wood Worker's International (BWI) Asia
Pacific</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Labour Law Reform Coalition(LLRC)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>ALIRAN</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Asociación de Trabajadoras del Hogar a Domicilio y de
Maquila–Atrahdom, Guatemala</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Black Women for Wages for Housework</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) SEA Coalition</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Haiti Action Committee</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>MADPET (Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Malaysian Physicians for Social Responsibility (Dr R S
McCoy)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>NAMM (Network of Action for Migrants in Malaysia)</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>North South Initiative</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>The William Gomes Podcast, United Kingdom</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b>Women of Color/Global Women’s Strike</b></p>
<br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Two Sabah firms fined for negligence over workers' death </b></span></span><br /><br /> By <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/authors?q=MUGUNTAN+VANAR">MUGUNTAN VANAR</a><a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/tag/Sabah+%26+Sarawak">Sabah & Sarawak </a><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /> Friday, 08 Apr 2022 7:56 PM MYT <br /></div> <br /> <img height="303" src="https://apicms.thestar.com.my/uploads/images/2022/04/08/1544378.png" width="400" /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">KOTA
KINABALU: A state-linked company and a manufacturing firm have been
fined by the Sessions Court here for neglecting safety aspects, which
resulted in the deaths of their workers. <br /><br />A representative of
state-linked SLDB Management Sdn Bhd pleaded guilty on Friday (April 8)
and was ordered to pay RM15,000 for the death of Indonesian worker Cahya
Abdullah at Ladang Bombong 1, Kampung Bombong in Kota Marudu on May 25
last year. <br /><br />The offence under Section 15(1) of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 provides for a fine of up to RM50,000 or a
jail term of up to two years, or both, upon conviction. <br /><br />Judge Elsie Primus also ordered SLDB Management to pay RM5,000 by April 14 to Cahya's next of kin. <br /><br />Cahya died after falling off a trailer mounted on a tractor which was deemed unsuitable for carrying workers. <br /><br />In
another case, judge Noor Hafizah Mohd Salim imposed a fine of RM20,000
or three months' jail against Englen Manufacturing Sdn Bhd after its
representative admitted to the charge. <br /><br />The company was accused
of failing to ensure the safety of its worker Bonnie Roger, who was
involved in a fatal accident at its premises on May 15 last year at the
Kota KInabalu Industrial Park here.<br /> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to the charge sheet, Bonnie's death resulted from unsafe work procedure involving a welding machine. - Star, 8/4/2022<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Work towards zero workplace accidents, urges NIOSH chairman </span></b></span><br /> <br /> By <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/authors?q=RAGANANTHINI+VETHASALAM">RAGANANTHINI VETHASALAM</a> <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/">Nation </a> <br /> <br /><br /> Thursday, 28 Apr 2022 3:46 PM MYT <br /> <br /> <img height="250" src="https://apicms.thestar.com.my/uploads/images/2022/04/28/1567669.jpg" width="400" /> <br /><br />PETALING
JAYA: There should be zero accidents at workplaces, if possible, says
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) chairman
Datuk Wilson Ugak Kumbong. <br /><br />Wilson urged employers and employees to practise a safe and healthy working environment to prevent any mishaps. <br /><br />Therefore,
he urged stakeholders to work as a team and conduct activities related
to safety and health to ensure a safe work environment. <br /><br />“At least, we want zero accidents or casualties. <br /><br />“Our
goal is to reduce accidents at workplaces,” he said at the sidelines of
the Occupational Safety and Health Day celebration. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Statistics
from the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) showed
that there were 6,686 workplace accidents reported as of December 2021,
of which 174 were fatal. Another 249 victims became disabled. </b></span></span><br /><br />The
sector which contributed to the highest number of deaths during the
period was construction, where 65 casualties were reported.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />As
at the first quarter of this year, there were 1,703 such accidents
reported which claimed the lives of 48 while 54 became disabled. <br /><br />The
manufacturing sector contributed to the highest number of fatalities
coming from manufacturing and construction which reported 16 deaths
each. <br /><br />Meanwhile, Wilson also advised the public to continue to
observe standard operating procedure (SOP) to curb Covid-19, despite the
announcement on relaxations. <br /><br />“Children as young as two to three
years old have yet to be vaccinated and only those aged five and above
have been vaccinated. So if possible please observe the SOP while you
are with your family,” he said. <br /><br />“If there is a big crowd, why not use the SOP to be safe,” he said. <br /><br />Health
Minister Khairy Jamaluddin announced a slew of relaxed measures on
Wednesday (April 27). Among the measures were making MySejahtera
check-ins and wearing face masks outdoors no longer compulsory. - <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/04/28/work-towards-zero-workplace-accidents-urges-niosh-chairman" target="_blank">Star, 28/4/2022</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="legtitle" id="ctl00_CMain_lblPartTitles"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="casetitle" id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder2_lblActTitle">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994</span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="casetitle" id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder2_lblActTitle"> </span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="legtitle" id="ctl00_CMain_lblPartTitles">52 Offences committed by body corporate</span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="legtitle" id="ctl00_CMain_lblPartTitles"></span></div><span class="casecontent" id="ctl00_CMain_lblSectionText"><p>(1) Where a
body corporate contravenes any provision of this Act or any regulation
made thereunder, <span style="color: red;"><b>every person who at the time of the commission of the
offence is a director, manager, secretary or other like officer of the
body corporate shall be deemed to have contravened the provision and may
be charged jointly in the same proceedings with the body corporate or
severally, and every such director, manager, secretary or other like
officer of the body corporate shall be deemed to be guilty of the
offence.</b></span></p><p>(2) A <b>person may be proceeded against and convicted under
the provision of subsection (1) whether or not the corporation has been
proceeded against or has been convicted </b>under that provision.</p><p> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span class="legtitle" id="ctl00_CMain_lblPartTitles">61 Prosecutions</span></b></span></span></p><p><span class="casecontent" id="ctl00_CMain_lblSectionText"></span></p><p>Prosecutions
in respect of offences committed under this Act or any regulation made
thereunder may, <span style="color: red;"><b>with the prior written consent of the Public Prosecutor,</b></span>
be instituted and conducted by an occupational safety and health
officer or by an officer specially authorized in writing by the Director
General subject to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code.</p></span> <p><br /><br /></p>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-28927895930657164772021-11-07T10:14:00.003-08:002021-11-07T10:14:27.870-08:003 workers dead, charge the Directors and officers responsible, not just the Company, and if convicted, sentence them to jail (19 Groups)<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Directors of Companies are the decision makers for a Company - if they decided not to put in the needed safeguards or other aspects needed to ensure worker's safety, then the Directors and officers responsible must be held accountable - including being charged, tried and sentence when offences are committed.</i></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Even if the fault was committed by a contractor or a sub-contractor, at the end of the day, it is still the main company that is responsible.</i></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>If a worker dies, or is injured by reason of breach of Occupational Safety and Health obligations, reasonably the sentence ought to be higher..</i></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>A mere fine without any imprisonment is really a JOKE - it will not act as a Deterrent. </i></span></b><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Joint Media
Statement(19 Groups) - 8/11/2021</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3 workers dead, charge the Directors and officers responsible, not <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>just the Company, and if convicted, sentence them
to jail</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Stop protecting human decision makers/actors when workers lives are involved</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We, the undersigned </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">19 </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">groups and organization are appalled
that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NO director or officer of Zhongshi
International Sdn Bhd, a construction company, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were charged</b> for causing the death of 3
migrant workers, and seriously injuring another.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It is absurd to simply charge a
company, which is but a mere empty vessel that operates and act in accordance
to decisions and directions of directors, officers and human owners of the
company. Companies simply pay fines (a tiny sum compared to profits or maybe
millions or billions of ringgit), and cannot be imprisoned, and the real human
wrongdoers get off scot free.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">On 22/3/2021, 3 Chinese-national
workers by the name of Wu Tongzheng, Ding Kunfu and Jiang Jinbao died, and another
was seriously injured when one of the components of a launching gantry fell at
the SUKE Elevated Highway construction site near Puncak Banyan, Persiaran Alam
Damai, Cheras here on 22/3/2021.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The said company was charged under
section 15(1) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, which states ‘(1) It
shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure,
so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare to work of all his
employees.’, whereby the penalty is provided in section 19, which reads, ‘A
person who contravenes the provisions of section 15, 16, 17 or 18 shall be
guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not
exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
two years or to both.’</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Failure to charge human decision makers and actors wrong</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Human Directors, officers and
owners can no longer hide behind the ‘corporate veil’, as even the Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994(OSHA 1994) provides that where the offence is
committed by a body corporate and/or company, then<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘…every
person who at the time of the commission of the offence is a director, manager,
secretary or other like officer of the body corporate shall be deemed to have
contravened the provision and may be charged jointly in the same proceedings
with the body corporate or severally, and every such director, manager,
secretary or other like officer of the body corporate shall be deemed to be
guilty of the offence…</b>’(Section 52).</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">On 3/11/2021, the company pleaded
guilty to the charge, and was fined RM45,000 by the Sessions Court paid the
fine of RM45,000 only. The decision maker of any company is all the Directors,
if not the human owners, and now justice is not served if these human persons responsible
for the death of workers are also not made liable, and punished for their
crimes.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Since
the company has already pleaded guilty, we now demand that the directors,
manager and other officers be charged, tried and sentenced in court.</b> If
found guilty, they will be liable ‘….to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand
ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both…’
(Section 19). Justice demands an imprisonment sentence for those who failed in
their duty to ensure the safety, health and welfare of their workers, noting
that 3 died, and one was seriously injured.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charge Directors for Culpable Homicide Not Amounting To Murder</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Assuming that there were no
intention to murder, then the perpetrator should at the least be charged for
culpable homicide not amounting to murder under the Penal Code, where ‘…if the
act is done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause death, but without
any intention to cause death, or to cause such bodily injury as is likely to
cause death …’, section 304(b).</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">With regard the Construction
Industry, law and the relevant department like the Construction Industry
Development Board provide various regulations, directions and guidelines that
need to be complied with to prevent death and injury to workers. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As such, if a construction company
chose not to do the needful, maybe by a selfish reason of saving monies or
effort, then when a worker is killed as a consequence of this failure, then this
may no more be simply an accidental death or even death by negligence, but
should be culpable homicide not amounting to murder. Not doing what is needed
to ensure workers safety despite knowing that failures can possibly cause
deaths and injury is a serious offence that ought to be punished. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Penal Code provides, where
there is no intention to kill or injure, then the punishment for culpable
homicide not amounting to murder shall be imprisonment for a term which may
extend to ten years or with fine or with both. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">OSHA amendments must increase prison terms, and have a higher fine</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Zhongshi International Sdn Bhd was
fined RM45,000, as the penalty provided by law at this time for this offence is
‘…a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding two years or to both…’ Not just the fine, but also the prison term
need to be increased.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The amendment of the OSHA have not
happened since 1994. Finally, Occupational Safety and Health (Amendment) Bill
2020 tabled in November 2020, was just passed on 27/10/2021 by the House of
Representative (Dewan Rakyat). It has yet to be tabled and passed at the Senate.
The amendment will increase the maximum fine from RM50,000 to RM500,000. We
urge the government to expedite this amendment to the OSHA Act, and speedily
put it in force.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Noting that caught not wearing a
face mask during the Covid-19 pandemic provides for a maximum fine of RM50,000.
The maximum fine for occupational safety and health offences need to be much higher,
at least RM1 million, with even much higher fines and prison sentences if
injury or death is caused by the workplace incident.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We call for the provision for higher penalties in the event that a worker
is injured, and worse killed by reason of non-compliance of an occupational
safety and health law.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> In some jurisdiction, the offence of ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">corporate manslaughter’</b> has been
introduced.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We also call for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">abolition of the availability of compounds
if the offence caused injury or death to worker or others</b>.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We call for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the directors and officers responsible in Zhongshi International Sdn
Bhd to be immediately charged</b> and tried under occupational safety and
health laws, and even for culpable homicide not amounting to murder under the
Penal Code.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We also urge <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">that the Court, after conviction, orders the convicted to pay adequate
compensation to the families/dependents of the deceased workers</b>, and also injured
workers. This should be over and above what they may receive from existing social
security or insurance schemes.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charles Hector</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Apolinar Z. Tolentino, Jr.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For and on behalf of the following 19 groups</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ALIRAN</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Building and Wood Workers
International (BWI) Asia Pacific Region</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha
Mancha (MASUM)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">China Labour Bulletin(CLB), Hong
Kong</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Haiti Action Committee</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">International Black Women For Wages
For Housework</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">MADPET(Malaysians Against Death
Penalty and Torture)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Malay Forest Officers Union (MFOU)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">National Union of Transport
Equipment and Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAIW)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Network of Action for Migrants in
Malaysia(NAMM)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">North South Initiative</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Odhikar, Bangladesh</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Parti Rakyat Malaysia(PRM)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sabah Timber Industry Employees
Union (STIEU)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Safety and Rights Society, Bangladesh</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Union of Forest Employees Sarawak
(UFES)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Women Of Color/Global Women’s
Strike</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-47494658860182066232020-12-30T09:00:00.001-08:002020-12-30T09:00:25.593-08:00Rise In Workplace Covid-19 Infections Demands Stricter Laws (Not Recommendations) And Corrupt-Free Enforcement Workplace Clusters about 30% of all clusters in Malaysia (26 Groups)<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Media Statement – 31/12/2020</u></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rise
In Workplace Covid-19 Infections Demands Stricter Laws (Not Recommendations)
And Corrupt-Free Enforcement</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Workplace
Clusters about 30% of all clusters in Malaysia</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We, the </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">26</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> undersigned
groups, organisations and trade unions are appalled when it was reported a workplace
making glove was merely slapped with a RM1,000 fine for failing to comply with
Covid-19 preventive measures and providing seemingly poor living conditions for
workers</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.(Star, 25/12/2020).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">RM1,000 is the fine or
compound levied on individuals <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who
breach the law for not wearing face masks and such offences. To fine an
employer the same RM1,000, when their failings put so many workers at risk or actually
getting infected by Covid-19 is a joke. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It was reported in that case
that ‘…there were no records of sanitization and disinfection that were
supposed to be carried out at least three times a day. “We also did not see any
measures on physical distancing in one of the dorms. There are markings for
physical distancing but in reality this did not happen…’ </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(Star, 25/12/2020)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Workers
have no choice but to do as employer demands</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A person can comply with the
measures needed to avoid infections, but this does not apply to workplaces and
worker accommodation, where a worker is compelled to follow the orders or
instructions of their employers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Workplace
specific laws/regulations that carry penalties for non-compliance</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is sad that despite calls
from many quarters, Malaysia has to date failed to enact laws or specific subsidiary
legislations for workplaces in relation to Covid-19, where a non-compliance
would be a breach of law, attracting prosecution and if found guilty a
sentence. What Malaysia has now is mostly mere Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
and Guidelines which unfortunately are merely recommendation or advice, where
non-compliance by the employer is not an offence punishable by law. A breach of
SOPs or Guidelines is not an offence with a stipulated penalty. This may
explain why companies wrongdoings in not protecting workers from Covid-19 seem
to simply attract reprimands or at most fines RM1,000. Even when fines are
imposed, it is not clear what precise law has been violated.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In relation to Covid-19, Malaysia
still relies on general law or regulation that applies to everyone, but there
are no workplace specific enforceable laws. There is a serious need for legally
enforceable workplace laws and/or regulations to prevent workers falling victim
to Covid-19 and other communicable diseases, despite the fact the government
had the opportunity to do so since March 2020.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">OSHA
still no clear employer obligations to keep workers safe from Covid-19</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Malaysia’s Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994(OSHA 1994), being the primary law imposing
obligations on employers to keep workers safe at the workplace, does include protection
from occupational diseases, which now should include Covid-19 and other person
to person serious communicable diseases. Sadly, OSHA 1994 still has no
definition or any list of occupational diseases that the employer is obligated
to protect workers from. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Social Security Act law
(SOCSO) has a list of occupational diseases, but the SOCSO law generally deals
with rights and compensations once infected, it does not impose employer
obligations to keep workers safe at the workplace.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The lack of definition of
occupational disease in OSHA could have easily been dealt with by an amendment to
include a definition occupational diseases. It could have been simply defined as
being the same as provided for in the SOCSO Act, or some other definition or
list. Then, employer’s obligation to keep workers safe from such diseases like
Covid-19 is made clear, and failure would be a crime punishable by law.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Minister of Human
Resources under OSHA 1994 have the power, without having to get Parliamentary
approval, to make specific regulations and/or subsidiary legislations, which
could stipulate what employers need to do keep workers safe from even specific
diseases like Covid-19. Sadly, the Minister has still not done so.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In comparison, Singapore, since
the end March 2020, have the Infectious Diseases (Workplace Measures to Prevent
Spread of Covid-19) Regulations 2020. Malaysia should have similar laws. If the
Minister of Human Resource fails, then the Minister of Health could also do so.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The failure to have such
laws and regulations that will make it a crime may be the reason why workplace
employers and/or owners who endanger workers’ lives are getting away with
‘reprimands’ and small fines like RM1,000. Workers and their families are victims
because of government failure.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Workplace
Clusters about 30% of all clusters in Malaysia</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Workplace clusters are about
a third of all clusters in Malaysia now (Malay Mail, 29/11/2020). The report
also stated that ‘334 Covid-19 clusters detected in Malaysia, more than a
third, or 119 clusters are related to infections at workplaces…. the five
workplace-linked clusters that have the highest number of cases are the Teratai
cluster (4,036 cases), Damanlela Construction Site cluster (1,539), Cergas
cluster (1,337), Hentian cluster (1,101) and Kaya cluster (900).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On Wednesday(16/12/2020),
eight new clusters were announced, out of which four were related to worksites:
Puncak Galaksi cluster involving Kuala Selangor and Klang (56 cases); Permai
cluster involving three construction sites in Lembah Pantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(48 cases); Matahari construction site
cluster in Titiwangsa (15 cases); and Laut construction site cluster involving
Lembah Pantai, Cheras and Kepong (eight cases).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The number of workplace clusters
continues to rise every day, and yet there is still a lack of deterrent laws
that would compel employers to better protect workers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There were opportunities to
enact these new laws or make needed amendments when Parliament sat, but the present
government failed to do so. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Any
employers being charged for causing workers getting infected?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The lack of news of
employers who failed to keep their workers safe being charged in court, and
recent news of very low fines gives a perception that the Malaysian government
is pro-employer, and has little concern for workers’ safety and health. Mere
expression of anger by Ministers and politicians, without stricter laws and
better enforcement is meaningless.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recent discoveries of so many
workplaces not in compliance with SOPs, Guidelines and even laws demonstrate
that these weak laws, advice and recommendations alone is insufficient – we
need laws with deterrent <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penalties and
efficient enforcements.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Without
enforcement, laws alone are not enough</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Having laws alone is
inadequate without strict enforcement by the relevant Ministries and
departments. Corruption and influence are perceived to influence enforcement,
investigation and prosecution of employers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Inadequacy of protection of
worker whistleblowers, as many workers are afraid to highlight wrongdoings of
employers for fear of retaliation and even termination of employment. The
recent termination of a worker at Top Glove who highlighted the working and
living conditions of workers at the workplace, and the lack of government
response only propagates a culture of fear amongst workers – who will continue
to work in law-breaking, unsafe and dangerous working and/or living conditions,
for fear of discrimination or termination if they highlight these wrongs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Therefore, we </span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Call
on Malaysia to enact laws and regulations, where a non-compliance of the
employer’s legal obligation will be a crime, with a deterrent sentence.
Ineffective recommendations and/or advice through SOPs and Guidelines
should be replaced by enforceable subsidiary legislations or laws. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Call
for the imposition of deterrent punishments like prison terms for
Employers, Directors and officers responsible for violating laws,
including those that impact workers’ safety and health;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Call
for increased workplace inspection and indiscriminate enforcement,
especially before workers fall victim to Covid-19;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Call
for prosecution of corrupt law enforcement officers, who by their failings
undermine the protection of workers’ rights, safety and health</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Call
for laws that protect workers that highlight rights violations at
workplaces and worker accommodations, and</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Call for the protection and promotion of
worker rights and human rights</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charles Hector </span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Apolinar Z. Tolentino, Jr.</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For and on behalf the
following <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">26</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ALIRAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">BWI
AP (Building and Wood Workers International Asia Pacific Region)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">WH4C
(Workers Hub For Change)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Building
and Wood Workers Federation of Myanmar(BWFM)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">China
Labour Bulletin (CLB)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Gender
Alliance for Development Center, Albania</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Federasi
Serikat Buruh Kerakyatan(SERBUK) Indonesia</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Friends
of Croatia</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">International
Black Women for Wages for Housework</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Labour
Behind the Label, UK</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MADPET
(Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">NAMM
(Network of Action for Migrants in Malaysia)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">National
Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia (NUFAM)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">National
Union of Transport Equipment & Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAIW)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Odhikar,
Bangladesh</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Payday
men’s network UK/US</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">People
Like Us Support Ourselves (PLUsos)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Persatuan
Sahabat Wanita Selangor</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sabah
Timber Industry Employees Union (STIEU)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sarawak
Dayak Iban Association (SADIA)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Saya
Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Timber
Industry Employees Union of Sarawak (TEIUS)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Timber
Employees Union Peninsular Malaysia (TEUPM)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Union
of Forestry Employees Sarawak (UFES)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Women
of Color Global Women’s Strike</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lin
Chew, Independent</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-12025037171476747442020-09-15T10:01:00.003-07:002020-12-30T09:03:36.922-08:00Prioritize worker rights, safety and health at workplaces when dealing with illegal factories(31 Groups)<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media Statement:- 16/9/2020</span></u></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prioritize worker rights, safety and health at workplaces when dealing
with illegal factories</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charge in court - No compounds for those who commit crimes that cause
injury, death or impacts public health</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We, the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 31</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>undersigned groups, trade unions, persons and
organisations are appalled by the disclosure that there are still today about 2,900
illegal factories in Selangor, and the concern is about worker rights,
including occupational safety and health. In September 2019, the State government
disclosed that from 2013, there are about 2,885 unlicensed factories, and as of
2018, only 630 have been legalized (Star, 24/9/2019)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is odd that the government and
its many enforcement authorities and its officers were not aware before of
these illegal factories, and this fact raises the possibility of corruption, a
matter that the anti-corruption authorities must look into.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A worker is entitled to rights,
which include employment security and all other rights, including those
provided by Malaysian law. Registration and minimum contributions must be made
to SOCSO to ensure worker’s social security protection, especially when a
worker is infected by an occupational disease, suffers injury, disability and
even death. For their old age survival, the law sets the minimum monthly
contributions to be made by employer and worker. When a workplace is illegal,
the concern is whether workers’ rights are also being denied.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Would an illegal factory even
have the needed permits and licenses to do certain work activities, including dangerous
and life threatening work? Would the authorities involved in ensuring
occupational safety and health of the workplace even know of these illegal
establishments, or do the necessary workplace inspections, to ensure that the
workplace is safe – hence a low risk of workplace injuries or death.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If a worker working in an
‘illegal’ factory have his worker rights violated, would he/she even have
recourse to justice? Would the employer even pay the worker what is owing to
them, including back wages, unpaid overtime and other unpaid monies? Would a
worker in such a factory even be able to claim reinstatement (or compensation
in lieu of reinstatement), when he/she is wrongfully dismissed?</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Any illegal factory or workplace,
can and ought to have been speedily discovered and action taken in accordance
to law. </span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Most workers who are employed in
these ‘illegal’ workplaces, most probably verily believe that they are working
in a legal workplace, that is in compliance with all laws governing employment
and workplaces. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">After all, how could it be
illegal, when they get water and electricity from government agencies or agencies
linked to government? How can they even operate illegally, without the
knowledge of the Local Council (local government), State government or Federal
government in Malaysia where the public perception is that the relevant law
enforcement authorities are efficient, a perception often reinforced by media reports
about numerous crackdowns on law breakers including drunk drivers, drug
dependents, undocumented migrants and other suspected criminals. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hence, how is it even possible
for any illegal factory or workplace to exist in Malaysia, especially one that
employs many workers. It was shocking to read a report that stated that one of
these suspected companies, suspected in polluting our water supply, which
resulted in about 5 million people (or 1.2 million consumer accounts)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>being denied water supply, was known by the
local government concerned and had been operating without a license since 2014.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Selayang Municipal Council (MPS)
corporate department director Mohamad Zin Masoad said data also showed that the
factory had never applied for a license since it started operating six years
ago. “We have issued the latest notice to them in March but they ignored it.
Besides operating without a license, we also found that the factory was built
without MPS permission,” he said after putting up an illegal structure notice
at the factory here today.(Edge Markets, 7/9/2020). Any business operation
within any local council area needs to renew their permit/licenses to operate
every year, so it is strange that illegal workplaces are not discovered.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Mohamad Zin also said all of the
factories were placed in the legalisation process list and were given time
until Dec 31, 2020, to submit documentation so that operation permits could be
issued to them. “According to the [Selangor] state government’s directive, we
cannot demolish the plants under the legalization process (introduced in 2012 and
extended until Dec 31, 2020’. (Edge Markets, 7/9/2020). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Giving an illegal
factory/workplace one to 3 months, to become legal is understandable, but
allowing them many years until end of 2020 is just unacceptable.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For the benefit of workers,
including their employment and income, it may be best that discovered illegal
factories best be given the chance to legalize, but at the same time their law breaking
acts must not go unpunished. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prioritize worker rights, safety and health in legalization process</span></span></span></span></b></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In the legalization process, laws
regarding worker rights, safety and health should be prioritized, compared to
other issues like land classifications and/or construction approvals.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If this be the current state of
affairs, then the government can be held responsible for the deprivation of
water supply the people suffered, since they allowed this ‘Illegal’ factory to
continue operating, without complying laws including possibly laws concerning
workers occupational safety and health.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Law Breaking Companies Must Be Charged in Court, and not offered
compounds</span></span></span></b></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For example, according to just the
Water Services Industries Act 2006, this company, if they are convicted they
will be liable to a sentence of imprisonment up to ten years, a fine not
exceeding RM500,000 or to whipping or to all three. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In this case, the Attorney
General Tan Sri Idrus Harun in a statement said to date, no investigation paper
on the raw water pollution incident in Selangor had been referred to the Attorney-General's
Chambers (AGC). Generally, only after investigation papers are submitted to the
AGC, will the prosecution take action and charge the law violators in court.(Edge
Markets, 8/9/2020)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">However, in this case, the
Selangor government agencies, on their own, decided to take administrative
action by offering compounds for allegedly 30 different violations. ‘…Selangor
Water Management Board (LUAS), Air Selangor, Selangor Department of Environment
(DoE), Selayang Municipal Council and the State Environment Committee conducted
an investigation. Thirty compounds totalling RM60,000 were issued to Yip Chee
Seng & Sons Sdn Bhd..’ the Attorney General Idrus said that the compounds
were issued without any reference to investigation papers by the AGC.(Edge
Markets, 8/9/2020)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Compounds undermines justice, and protects companies</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Issuing compounds is an
administrative action, and payment of compounds avoids the possibility of the
alleged offenders being charged and tried in court for the same offence.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Companies that commit crimes,
that endanger public health, injures or kills workers should never be offered
compounds, but should be charged and tried in open court. When charged in
court, the accused company and/or its officers can always plead guilty, and the
courts will take into account the guilty plea, in determining the just sentence
that would be imposed.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If charged in court for a crime,
the courts also have the power to even order that the affected victims be
compensated in a criminal trial. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Convictions matters unlike
compounds. The number of past similar convictions will be an aggravating
factor, which will lead the court to impose higher sentences on repeat offenders.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Doubts linger as to whether this
alleged particular company is even the real culprit, or just one of the many other
culprits who caused the water supply to be contaminated, who have yet to be
prosecuted. Note that so many water treatment plants had to be shut down.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The offering of compounds, which
could be influenced by other factors including corruption, and, as such, for
crimes that puts at risk the lives and health of many and/or causes death and
injury to workers must end. Such law breakers must all be charged and tried in
open court by an independent judge.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We call on the Minister of Human
Resources, including the Department of Occupational Safety and Health, to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">immediately inspect all these 2,900 illegal
factories in Selangor, and others in Malaysia to ensure that all laws
concerning worker rights, including occupational safety and health are being
complied with</b>. It is a folly to wait until a worker dies or is injured.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles Hector</span></i></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apolinar Z. Tolentino, Jr.</span></i></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For and on behalf the 31 listed below</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Center for Orang Asli Concerns(COAC)
</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Electronic Industry Employees
Union Southern Region Peninsular Malaysia(EIEUSRPM)/Kesatuan Sekerja Industri
Elektronik Wilayah Selatan, Semenanjung Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)Persatuan Sahabat
Wanita Selangor(PSWS)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Jaringan Solidariti Pekerja (JSP)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kesatuan Pekerja Atlas Edible Ice
Sdn. Bhd.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MADPET (Malaysians Against Death
Penalty and Torture)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malaysians in Action For Justice
and Unity (MAJU)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">National Union of Transport
Equipment and Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAIW) West Malaysia</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Network of Action for Migrants in
Malaysia (NAMM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">North South Initiative(NSI)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sabah Timber Industry Employees
Union (STIEU)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sosialis Alternatif (SA)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Timber Employees Union Peninsular
Malaysia (TEUPM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Union of Forestry Employees
Sarawak (UFES)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Building and Wood Workers
International (BWI) Asia Pacific Region</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bangladesh Group Netherlands</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">IMA Research Foundation,
Bangladesh</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">International Black Women For
Wages For Housework</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Global Women’s Strike</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Labour Behind the Label, United
Kingdom</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Legal Action for Women, United
Kingdom</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MARUAH, Singapore</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Myanmar Human Rights Alliances
Network (MHRAN)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">National Garments Workers
Federation (NGWF), Bangladesh</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pakistani Christian Refugee
Fellowship (PCRF)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Payday Men’s Network (UK/US)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Safety and Rights Society,
Bangladesh</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Women Of Color Global Women’s
Strike</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Worker Empowerment, Hong Kong</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dr Ronald McCoy, the founder of
Nobel Peace Prize-winning anti-nuclear group International Campaign to Abolish
Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)</span></p>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-80314466564253681342020-08-18T10:05:00.001-07:002020-12-30T09:06:36.164-08:00INKUES UNTUK SEMUA KEMATIAN PEKERJA DI TEMPAT KERJA(50 Groups)<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terjemahan
Kenyataan Media Asal dalam Bahasa Inggeris – 18/8/2020 - kini 50 kumpulan<br /></span></u></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INKUES UNTUK SEMUA KEMATIAN PEKERJA DI TEMPAT KERJA</b></span></span></p><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dakwa untuk kesalahan membunuh dan menyebabkan kecederaan, bukan
sekadar ketidakpatuhan obligasi keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kami, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">49</b> kumpulan, organisasi dan kesatuan sekerja yang disenaraikan di
bawah ini menuntut agar Inques (Penyiasatan kehakiman untuk kematian) dilakukan
untuk semua kematian di tempat kerja, untuk memastikan keadilan, dan memastikan
bahawa mereka yang bertanggungjawab menyebabkan kematian pekerja juga didakwa
dan dibicarakan juga untuk jenayah membunuh. Hanya mengenakan denda untuk
kesalahan tidak mematuhi obligasi perundangan keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerjaan, dan tidak ada pendakwaan dan hukuman terhadap mereka yang melakukan jenayah
membunuh atau kematian dan/atau kecederaan pekerja tidak memadai dan tidak
adil.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">INKUES (Penyiasatan kehakiman
mengenai kematian), yang dilakukan oleh seorang Koroner Bebas, di Mahkamah
terbuka, adalah untuk menentukan bukan sahaja sebab kematian, tetapi yang lebih
penting lagi adalah menentukan samada ada terdapat orang yang bertanggungjawab melakukan
jenayah membunuh.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tanggungjawab jenayah akan
menentukan juga sama ada majikan, pemilik, kontraktor dan/atau pegawai mereka
harus didakwa untuk jenayah bunuh(murder), homisid(homicide) atau jenayah menyebabkan
kematian kerana kecuaian, di mana semua ini adalah kini kesalahan jenayah di
bawah Kanun Keseksaan Malaysia. Sekiranya risiko kematian diketahui, dan terdapat
kegagalan untuk melakukan apa yang diperlukan untuk menjaga keselamatan
pekerja, dan ini menyebabkan kematian pekerja, maka ini boleh menjadi jenayah bunuh
atau homicid.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tanggungjawab jenayah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka
yang bertanggungjawab atas kematian pekerja di tempat kerja</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pada 8 Ogos, Zaid Berahim, 33,
terbunuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di sebuah kilang di Bayan
Lepas, Pulau Pinang (Bernama, 8/8/2020). Pada pertengahan Mac 2020, rakyat
Malaysia Azarul Ashraf Nor Akmal Zorkalnain, Che Huzaydy Che Harun, Norfazly
Mad Nor, Faidhi Akmal Fadzil dan Hadi Syafiq Jamil dilaporkan terbunuh dalam
kemalangan di kilang milik PRefChem, usahasama Petronas dan Saudi Aramco (Star,
17/3/2020).</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sekurang-kurangnya 61 pekerja
mati di tempat kerja dari Januari hingga Mac 2020, menurut data Jabatan
Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (JKKP/DOSH), berasaskan bilangan kes yang
dilaporkan kepada JKKP. Pada tahun 2017, JKPP(DOSH) telah mencatatkan 711
kematian di tempat kerja (Malay Mail, 9/7/2018), tetapi nampaknya tidak ada
sesiapapun yang didakwa atas tuduhan bunuh atau homicid, maupun kesalahan
jenayah menyebabkan kematian kerana cuai untuk mana-mana kes kematian di tempat
kerja tersebut.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Amalan semasa nampaknya setakat
mendenda majikan atau orang lain kerana ketidakpatuhan obligasi tempat kerja
dan/atau kewajiban untuk memastikan keselamatan di tempat kerja. Malangnya,
kesalahan dalam undang-undang kini menyatakan hukuman yang sama, tanpa
mengambilkira sama ada pekerja mati atau cedera akibat kegagalan majikan
tersebut, di mana ini nyata dalam banyak perundangan berkenaan tempat kerja
termasuk Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994 (OSHA). Secara wajar,
apabila kecederaan atau kematian disebabkan akibat pengingkaran undang-undang,
harus dikenakan hukuman yang lebih tinggi dan deteren(deterrent).</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Nyawa pekerja adalah penting, dan
semua kematian ini mesti disiasat secara komprehensif bukan sekadar melihat
sama ada terdapat pengingkaran undang-undang pelesenan/permit dan/atau kepatuhan
kewajiban keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan sahaja, tetapi juga sama ada
sesiapa ada tanggungjawab jenayah yang menyebabkan kematian dan/atau kecederaan
pekerja tersebut.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kematian pekerja di tempat kerja boleh juga merupakan
pembunuhan(Murder) atau ‘homicide’</b>.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Perundangan Malaysia kini
menyatakan bahawa <span style="color: red;"><b>jika seseorang ada </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">‘…
pengetahuan bahawa dia mungkin melalui tindakan [atau kegagalan] menyebabkan
kematian…’, seseorang itu melakukan jenayah culpable homicide(pembunuhan homisid)</span>.</b>
(Seksyen 299 Kanun Keseksaan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)[</span> </i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">‘…knowledge
that he is likely by such act[or omission] to cause death…’, a person commits
the offence of culpable homicide</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.(Section 299 Penal Code)]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Akan menjadi jenayah bunuh yang
lebih serius, iaitu murder(bunuh) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">'<span style="color: red;">jika
orang yang melakukan sesuatu(atau gagal melakukan sesuatu) dengan pengetahuan bahawa
ianya sangat berbahaya berkemungkinan boleh menyebabkan kematian, atau
kecederaan tubuh yang mungkin menyebabkan kematian, dan melakukan tindakan
tersebut tanpa apa-apa alasan mengambil risiko yang boleh <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan kematian, atau kecederaan seperti
yang dinyatakan di atas.</span></b><span style="color: red;"> '</span>(Seksyen 300 (d) Kanun Keseksaan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">).[ It would be the more serious crime of murder <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘if the person committing the act knows
that it is so imminently dangerous that it must in all probability cause death,
or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without
any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death, or such injury as
aforesaid.’</b>(Section 300(d) of the Penal Code).</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hakikat bahawa seseorang tidak
tahu bahawa seseorang tertentu akan dibunuh akibat tindakan/kegagalannya tidak
relevan dalam definisi bunuh(murder) ini.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Kes Kemalangan Maut Temerloh mungkin kes Bunuh(Murder) - Kematian yang boleh
diramalkan dan dapat dicegah?</span></b></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Di Temerloh, pada awal Mac 2020,
Md Shoriful, 43, dan Julhas Rahman, 27, meninggal dunia kerana dikebumikan
hidup-hidup di parit/trench ketika bekerja di tapak pembinaan perumahan. Ini
boleh diklasifikasi sebagai kes bunuh(murder).</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Standard(Piawaaian) Industri
Binaan oleh Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (CIDB) CIS 25:
2018, sebagai contoh, mengkategorikan jenis kerja sedemikian sebagai kerja
berisiko TINGGI, dengan risiko kematian akibat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dikebumikan hidup-hidup. Oleh yang demikian, ia merupakan jenis kerja
'tersangat bahaya' yang diketahui, yang boleh menyebabkan kematian, dan
mana-mana kontraktor atau syarikat yang terlibat dalam kerja pembinaan harus
secara wajar mengetahui risiko ini.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-Gpz-aFi-us3tb6bFoW9NBbdJBJM-HoeO-1EemdWwaEYf0c1whQx5muPtpXLie44-zxW31A_qL_x9WxKbTp2fLNtfs1kyvt5nfChDvSuRcotHDGl9zKBsMLZMNWdWhbRmLZB_bEQeFc/s1317/trench+safety+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1317" data-original-width="888" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-Gpz-aFi-us3tb6bFoW9NBbdJBJM-HoeO-1EemdWwaEYf0c1whQx5muPtpXLie44-zxW31A_qL_x9WxKbTp2fLNtfs1kyvt5nfChDvSuRcotHDGl9zKBsMLZMNWdWhbRmLZB_bEQeFc/w178-h262/trench+safety+2.jpg" width="178" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Untuk mengelakkan kematian
berisiko tinggi ini, ada kewajiban/obligasi undang-undang yang jelas. Sebagai
contoh, untuk kerja dalam parit/lubang, CIDB memerlukan shoring(penahan tanah
jatuh kembali mengkebumikan pekerja) yang betul, di mana reka bentuk penahan
juga mesti diluluskan oleh Jurutera Profesional (PE) dan diperiksa secara
berkala. Tanah yang digali juga harus ditempatkan pada jarak tertentu dari tepi
lubang/parit, di luar 'zon pengaruh'. Secara munasabah, mesin yang menyebabkan
getaran yang boleh menyebabkan tanah yang berlonggok di tepi parit/lubang jatuh
kembali menguburkan pekerja hidup-hidup. Justeru, demi keselamatan, tidak boleh
beroperasi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdekatan ketika pekerja sedang
bekerja di dalam parit sedemikian.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Lapuran Media mengenai kejadian
Temerloh, antara lain, mengatakan, 'Kedua-dua mangsa dan pekerja ketiga
dipercayai berada di dalam lubang sedalam enam meter, sementara dua mesin
menggali tanah di tanah di atas lubang beroperasi. "Longgokkan tanah di
pinggir lubang kemudian mula jatuh semasa kerja-kerja penggalian, menguburkan
kedua pekerja itu," kata Ketua Polis Daerah Temerloh Asisten Komisioner
Mohd Yusri Othman. "(New Straits Times, 6/3/2020<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">)[‘Both victims and the third
worker are believed to have been inside a six metre-deep pit, while two
machines were excavating earth on the ground above the pit. “Heaps of soil
which had collected at the edge of the pit then began falling during the
excavation works, burying the two workers,” said Temerloh district police chief
Assistant Commissioner Mohd Yusri Othman.’(New Straits Times, 6/3/2020)]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dari fakta yang diketahui, keperluan
perundangan untuk insiden ini diklasifikasikan sebagai kes bunuh(murder) atau
pembunuhan homisid, tercapai. Namun, tidak ada berita selanjutnya yang
menyatakan sama ada polis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjalankan
siasatan kes bunuh atau tidak.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Inkues mencegah 'penyembunyian(cover-up)' dan kegagalan - kes Muhammad
Adib</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sekalipun pihak berkuasa penegak
undang-undang gagal bertindak, pendapatan INKUES pasti dapat mencegah
kemungkinan berlakunya 'penyembunyian'(cover-up), amalan rasuah dan apa-apa
kegagalan lain. Ini akan memastikan siasatan dan kemungkinan pendakwaan mereka
yang bertanggungjawab melakukan jenayah bunuh.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ini telah berlaku di Malaysia
dalam kes kematian seorang anggota bomba yang meninggal dunia pada November
2018, semasa menjalankan kerjanya. "Kematian anggota bomba Muhammad Adib Mohd
Kassim adalah hasil daripada tindakan jenayah lebih dari dua orang, satu inkues
memutuskan sembilan bulan setelah kematiannya." (New Straits Times,
27/9/2019). . <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">[‘The death of fireman Muhammad Adib Mohd Kassim was a result
of a criminal act by more than two people, an inquest ruled nine months after
his death.’(New Straits Times, 27/9/2019).]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pendapatan inkues ini telah berjaya
menghasilkan siasatan polis lebih lanjut, dan baru-baru ini polis Malaysia
mendedahkan rancangan tambahan untuk menubuhkan pasukan peninjau untuk
menyelidiki semua aspek mengenai kematian tersebut. (Malay Mail, 10/7/2020).
Masih banyak tekanan masyarakat umum untuk mendakwa mereka yang
bertanggungjawab secara jenayah untuk kematian Adib.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inkues mengatasi kekurangan undang-undang dan amalan</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Inkues oleh Koroner bebas, adalah
hak yang diakui di Malaysia untuk semua kematian, dan ianya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BUKAN hanya harus dilakukan untuk mangsa yang
mati akibat ditikam, ditembak dan/atau dipukul, tetapi untuk semua orang yang
mati termasuk pekerja yang terbunuh di tempat kerja.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Koroner, sebagai pegawai
kehakiman biasanya seorang Majistret, adalah orang yang bebas dari pelbagai
agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang, dapat dan akan melakukan penentuan yang
akan dapat mengatasi apa-apa kegagalan dan/atau kesilapan pihak yang
bertanggungjawab untuk penguatkuasaan undang-undang.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Dalam kematian di tempat kerja,
yang kini di bawah banyak undang-undang dan agensi yang berlainan, di mana
kebanyakan agensi berkenaan mungkin hanya bertindak berasaskan undang-undang
tertentu yang menjadi tanggungjawab mereka. Inkues akan dapat melihat dan
menilai setiap aspek termasuk undang-undang dan kewajiban undang-undang,
termasuk juga Kanun Keseksaan, dalam penentuan tanggungjawab jenayah mereka
mereka yang menyebabkan kematian.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kami mengulangi bahawa orang yang
bertanggungjawab atas kematian di tempat kerja boleh didakwa dan diadili untuk jenayah
bunuh(murder) atau pembunuhan homisid, hanya kerana kegagalan melakukan perkara
yang diperlukan, untuk mengurangkan risiko atau mencegah kematian, di mana
kegagalan mereka tersebut menyebabkan kematian tersebut.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">INKUES untuk semua Kematian diperuntukan dalam Perundangan</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kanun Acara Malaysia (KAJ/CPC)
dengan jelas memperuntukkan bahawa Majistret harus mengadakan INKUES(siasatan
kehakiman untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kematian) untuk semua
kematian, di mana semasa inkues tersebut, Koroner (biasanya Majistret atau
Hakim) akan menentukan bila, di mana, bagaimana kematian itu berlaku, dan juga
sama ada sesiapa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">mempunyai tanggungjawab
jenayah untuk sebab kematian tersebut</b> (Seksyen 333 dan 337 KAJ/CPC<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">).[… also
whether any person is criminally concerned in the cause of the death.(Section
333 and 337 CPC).]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">INKUES terbuka kepada umum, diman
mana-mana pihak yang berminat (dan/atau peguam mereka), termasuk kesatuan
sekerja, boleh mengambil bahagian dalam inkues tersebut, dengan kemampuan juga <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memanggil dan memeriksa saksi, dan memberikan
bukti tambahan untuk membantu Koroner bebas membuat penentuan penyebab
kematian, yang juga merangkumi sama ada mana-mana orang (termasuk syarikat dan
pegawai mereka) boleh dipertanggungjawabkan melakukan jenayah menyebabkan kematian
tersebut – pembunuhan(murder), membunuhan secara salah(Homicid) atau jenayah menyebabkan
kematian kerana kecuaian.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Inkues kematian di tempat kerja mengambilkira semua perundangan dan fakta
yang relevan</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Untuk Inkues kematian di tempat
kerja, Koroner perlu mempertimbangkan semua kewajiban dan obligasi
undang-undang majikan, pemilik dan mereka yang mengawal tempat kerja yang berkenaan.
Di Malaysia, terdapat kewajiban perundangan jelas, antara lain, syarat
berkenaan permit/lesen, kelayakan pekerja dan bahkan standard(piawaian) bahan/peralatan
yang harus digunakan. Kegagalan untuk mendapatkan permit relevan, misalnya,
untuk penyimpanan bahan berbahaya, boleh mengakibatkan agensi penguatkuasaan
yang relevan tidak tahu, justeru gagal memeriksa dan memastikan pematuhan yang
sewajarnya.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Pada tahun 2018, kita melihat kes
di mana majikan atau pemilik kilang tidak mempunyai permit perlu untuk
menyimpan bahan berbahaya, yang mengakibatkan keracunan ammonia yang menyebabkan
2 pekerja mati dan mencederakan 18 yang lain (Sun Daily, 13/8/2018). Kes ini pun
mungkin boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai kes bunuh(murder) atau
pembunuhan(homisid).</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Koroner harus mempertimbangkan
sama ada ini ini risiko diketahui, dan sama ada majikan, pemilik dan/atau
kontraktor telah melakukan semua yang diperlukan oleh undang-undang untuk
mencegah kematian, terutama bagi kerja risiko yang diketahui dan dapat dicegah.
Kegagalan boleh mengakibatkan kesalahan jenayah pembunuhan(murder), pembunuhan homisid
atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekurang-kurangnya jenayah
menyebabkan kematian kerana kecuaian/kelalaian.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Untuk kemalangan maut di tapak
pembinaan, agensi berkaitan yang seharusnya membantu Koroner semasa Inkues termasuk
juga Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (JKKP), Lembaga Pembangunan
Industri Pembinaan (CIDB), Kerajaan Tempatan, semua pihak berkuasa yang memberikan
kelulusan dan entiti lain yang berkaitan.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Melindungi Nyawa Pekerja Mesti Menjadi Keutamaan Kerajaan</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Perundangan dan polisi Malaysia perlukan
reformasi, dengan objektif memastikan tempat kerja yang selamat, dan mencegah
kematian dan kecederaan pekerja.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Di bawah Akta Keselamatan dan
Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994, masih belum ada kewajiban undang-undang yang jelas
untuk menjaga keselamatan pekerja dari Covid-19 atau penyakit pekerjaan lain.
Masih belum ada peraturan khusus di tempat kerja, yang dibuat berasaskan kuasa sedia
ada dalam Akta ini yang merupakan perundangan utama berkenaaan keselamatan dan
kesihatan di tempat kerja, yang meletakan kewajiban perundangan jelas untuk
majikan dan/atau pemilik tempat kerja untuk menjaga keselamatan pekerja,
termasuk juga Covid-19, di mana apa-apa pengingkaran akan terus menjadi
kesalahan dengan hukuman yang jelas. Kini hanya terdapat peraturan berkuasa
undang-undang yang diumum yang dikeluarkan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malaysia juga tidak mempunyai <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kesalahan pembunuhan industry (industrial
manslaughter)</b>, yang berkaitan dengan kematian di tempat kerja. Sebagai
contoh, di Queensland, Australia, pembunuhan industry(industrial manslaughter)
dilakukan apabila seseorang yang menjalankan perniagaan atau usaha (PCBU), atau
pegawai mereka, secara tidak sengaja menyebabkan kematian pekerja, di mana
hukuman maksimum adalah 20 tahun penjara bagi seseorang individu, atau $10 juta
untuk syarikat atau entiti lain.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Maka, kami menuntut</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Agar Inkues awam (Siasatan kehakiman untuk
kematian) dilakukan untuk semua kematian pekerja di tempat kerja oleh Koroner;</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Bahawa Inkues segera dilakukan untuk kematian Md
Shoriful (43) dan Julhas Rahman (27), yang mati setelah dikebumikan hidup-hidup
semasa bekerja di parit dalam untuk menentukan juga sama ada mana-mana syarikat
atau orang harus didakwa atas tuduhan membunuh(murder) atau homisid;</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Bahawa kerajaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membuat undang-undang yang memberikan hukuman yang lebih tinggi, jika
akibat ketidakpatuhan undang-undang, kecederaan atau kematian pekerja berlaku;
dan</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Bahwa kerajaan mengutamakan keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerja, dan membuat reformasi perlu perundangan, polisi dan amalan
penguatkuasaan.</span></b></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charles Hector</span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Apolinar Tolentino</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bagi pihak 49 kumpulan dan
kesatuan sekerja yang disenaraikan di bawah ini</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">ALIRAN</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Building and Wood Workers International (BWI) Asia
Pacific Region</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) South East Asia Coalition</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">UNI Global Union- Asia and Pacific Regional Organisation
(UNI APRO)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">SUARAM</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">AMMPO-SENTRO- Association of Filipino Nationalist Workers
in Malaysia</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Bangladesh Group Netherlands</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha Mancha (MASUM), India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Cement Industry Employees Union (CIEU)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Center for Alliance of Labor and Human Rights (CENTRAL),
Cambodia</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Electronic Industry Employees Union Southern Region
Peninsular Malaysia(EIEUSRPM)/Kesatuan Sekerja Industri Elektronik Wilayah
Selatan, Semenanjung Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">IMA Research Foundation, Bangladesh</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">International Black Women for Wages for Housework</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Jaringan Solidariti Pekerja (JSP)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Kesatuan Pekerja Atlas Edible Ice Sdn. Bhd.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Labour Behind the Label(LBL), United Kingdom</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">MADPET (Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Malay Forest Officers' Union (MFOU)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">MARUAH, Singapore</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Marvi Rural Development Organization (MRDO), Pakistan</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Migrant Care</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">NAMM (Network of Action for Migrants in Malaysia)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia (NUFAM)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">National Union of Transport Equipment and Allied
Industries Workers (NUTEAIW) West Malaysia</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">North South Initiative(NSI)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Odhikar, Bangladesh</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Payday Men's Network, UK </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Payday Men's Network, US</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Penang Stop Human Trafficking Campaign</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Persatuan Komuniti Prihatin Selangor & KL (PRIHATIN)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor (PSWS)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">PKNS Employees Union</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Programme Against Custodial Torture and Impunity (PACTI),
India</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Sabah Timber Industry Employees Union (STIEU)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Safety and Rights Society (SRS), Bangladesh</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">SAVE (Social Awareness and Voluntary Education), India</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Singapore Anti Death Penalty Campaign</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Sosialis Alternatif (SA)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Tamkeen for Legal Aid and Human Rights- Jordan</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Tenaganita</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Timber Employees' Union Peninsular Malaysia (TEUPM)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Timber Industry Employees' Union of Sarawak (TIEUS)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Union of Employees in Construction Industry (UECI)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Union of Forest Department Employees Sarawak (UFES)</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Women of Color/Global Women’s Strike</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Workers Assistance Center, Inc. Philippines</p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: small;"># Selepas kenyataan dikeluarkan kali pertama, ada tambahan 1menjadikan kini</span><span style="font-size: small;"> <u><b>50 kumpulan</b></u> </span><br /></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Association Of Home And Maquila Workers (ATRAHDOM), Guatemala</span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: red;">Original Statement in English - <br /></span></span></span></i></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://charleshector.blogspot.com/2020/08/inquests-for-all-deaths-of-workers-at.html">INQUESTS
FOR ALL DEATHS OF WORKERS AT WORKPLACE - Prosecute for offences of
killing and causing injury, not merely non-compliance of occupational
safety and health requirements</a></h3>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-85063344114006081722020-08-17T10:06:00.003-07:002020-12-30T09:08:52.435-08:00INQUESTS FOR ALL DEATHS OF WORKERS AT WORKPLACE (51 Groups)<p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: red;"><i>Inquest
is a judicial inquiry into death, and by law, it must be done for all
deaths. It will certainly be an independent comprehensive examination of
all laws and factors that caused death, especially when now many
agencies and Ministries are responsible for workplace safety. Too many
employers and/or owners of worksites continue to get away with causing
death to workers. Whilst compensation is important, it is wrong for
perpetrators to escape criminal liability.</i></span></span></b><br /></p><p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media Statement
– 18/8/2020 (now 51)</span></u></i>
</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">INQUESTS FOR ALL DEATHS OF WORKERS AT WORKPLACE</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Prosecute for offences of killing and causing injury, not merely
non-compliance of occupational safety and health requirements</b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We, the <b>51</b> undersigned groups, organizations and trade unions demand
that Inquests (Inquiries into death) be conducted for all deaths at workplace,
to ensure that justice be done, and ensure that those responsible for the death
of workers are also charged and tried for killing crimes. Mere fines for
non-compliance of occupational safety and health legal requirements, and no
prosecution and penalizing those responsible for crimes of causing death and/or
injury of workers is simply inadequate and unjust.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHZOSAblzqSnFvWDqxi7EmxZS6l-g-tZMh8jI8-caejkAageem9inHneaKhejAQwxQKkgzbmY-YPhTL_PZ2x6WO4xxiWpkjsOV207ZQttYgBxN_k5fntjqBosONyuVE8xdXrs2YnsTiBI/s512/inquest.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="102" data-original-width="512" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHZOSAblzqSnFvWDqxi7EmxZS6l-g-tZMh8jI8-caejkAageem9inHneaKhejAQwxQKkgzbmY-YPhTL_PZ2x6WO4xxiWpkjsOV207ZQttYgBxN_k5fntjqBosONyuVE8xdXrs2YnsTiBI/w328-h66/inquest.png" width="328" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">INQUESTS (Inquiries into the
death), carried out by an Independent Coroner, in open court, to determine not simply
the cause of death, but more importantly <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">whether
anyone is criminally liable for the death. </b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Criminal liability will determine
also whether employers, owners, contractors and/or their officers ought to be prosecuted
for murder, homicide or causing death by negligence, which are all criminal
offences under the Malaysian Penal Code. If the risk of death is known, and there
is a failure to do what is needed to keep workers safe, which resulted in the death
of a worker, then it could be a murder or homicide.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Criminal liability for those responsible for worker’s deaths at
workplaces</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">On 8 August, Zaid Berahim, 33,
died in a factory in Bayan Lepas, Penang<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (Bernama, 8/8/2020).<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span>In mid-March 2020, Malaysians
Azarul Ashraf Nor Akmal Zorkalnain, Che Huzaydy Che Harun, Norfazly Mad Nor,
Faidhi Akmal Fadzil and Hadi Syafiq Jamil were reported killed in an accident
at a refinery owned by PRefChem,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a joint
venture between Petronas and Saudi Aramco.<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(Star, 17/3/2020). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At least 61 workers died at the
workplace from January to March 2020, according to Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) data of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reported cases. In 2017, DOSH has recorded <span style="color: red;"><b>711
deaths at the workplace (<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Malay Mail, 9/7/2018</span>), but no one seems to have been
charged for murder</b></span> or homicide, let alone causing death by negligence for any
of these many deaths.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The current practice seems to be
simply fining guilty employers or others for non-compliance of workplace
requirements and/or obligations to ensure workplace safety. Sadly, offences
carry the <b><span style="color: red;">same sentences, irrespective whether a worker died or was injured, in
many workplace legislations </span></b>including the Occupational Safety and Health Act
1994(OSHA). Reasonably, when injury or death is caused by law breakers, there must
be a higher deterrent sentence.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Worker’s lives matter, and all these
deaths must be comprehensively investigated beyond merely looking at permit/licensing
laws and/or occupational safety and health legal obligation compliance, but
also whether any person may criminally liable for the crimes of causing death
and/or injury.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Death of worker at workplace may be murder or homicide</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malaysian law, as it is now,
states<span style="color: red;"> if there <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">is ‘…knowledge that he
is likely by such act[or omission] to cause death…’</b>, a person commits the
offence of culpable homicide<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.(Section 299 Penal Code) </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It would be the more serious
crime of <span style="color: red;"><b>murder <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘if the person
committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must in all
probability cause death, or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and
commits such act without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death, or
such injury as aforesaid.’</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(Section 300(d) of the Penal Code). </span>The fact
that one did not know that someone will be killed by their actions/omissions is
irrelevant under this particular definition of murder.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Temerloh Fatal Accident Case could be Murder – A predictable and
preventable death?</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In Temerloh, in early March 2020,
Md Shoriful, 43, and Julhas Rahman, 27, died by reason of being <b><span style="color: #800180;">buried alive</span></b> <span style="color: #800180;"><b>in
a trench while working</b></span> at a housing development construction site. This could
be classified as murder.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Malaysian Construction
Industry Development Board (CIDB)’s Construction Industry Standard CIS 25:2018,
as an example, <span style="color: #800180;"><b>categorizes </b><b>this kind of work as HIGH risk</b></span>, with the risk of
death by being buried alive. As such, it is a known ‘imminently dangerous’
work, which can cause death, and any contractor or corporation involved in
construction work ought to know this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">To prevent such high risk death,
there are <span style="color: #800180;"><b>clear legal obligations</b></span>. For trenches/pits, for example, CIDB
requires proper shoring, where the shoring design must also be approved by a
Professional Engineer (PE) and periodically inspected. The dug-out soil is also
required to be placed a certain distance away from the edge of the pit/trench,
beyond the ‘zone of influence’. Reasonably, machinery that cause vibration that
could cause stacked up soil beside a trench/pit falling back burying alive
workers, should not be operating nearby when workers are working in such deep trenches.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Media reports about the Temerloh
incident, amongst others, said ‘Both victims and the third worker are believed
to have been inside a six metre-deep pit, while two machines were excavating
earth on the ground above the pit. <span style="color: red;">“<b>Heaps of soil which had collected at the
edge of the pit then began falling during the excavation works, burying the two
workers</b>,”</span> said Temerloh district police chief Assistant Commissioner Mohd Yusri
Othman.’<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(New Straits Times, 6/3/2020)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">From just these known facts
itself, the legal requirements for it to be classified as a murder or homicide
case, would have been fulfilled. However, there has been no subsequent news whatsoever
whether the police are even conducting a murder investigation. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inquest prevents ‘cover ups’ and failings - Muhammad Adib’s case</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Even if the law enforcement
authorities fail to act, an INQUEST finding certainly can prevent possible
‘cover-ups’, corrupt practices and other failings. It will ensure investigations
and possibly prosecutions of those criminally liable for the deaths. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An inquest was carried out in the
case of the death of a fireman who died in Malaysia in November 2018, while
carrying out his work. ‘The death of fireman Muhammad Adib Mohd Kassim was a
result of a criminal act by more than two people, an inquest ruled nine months
after his death.’(New Straits Times, 27/9/2019).</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This inquest finding did result
in further police investigations, and recently the Malaysian police disclosed even
further plans of setting up a review team to probe into all aspects regarding
the death.(<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Malay Mail, 10/7/2020</span>). There is still much public pressure for
the prosecution of those who are criminally liable for Adib’s death.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inquest overcomes inadequacies of law and practice</span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An inquest by an independent
Coroner, is a recognized right in Malaysia for all deaths, and it should NOT only
be done for victims who die by reason of stabbing, shooting and/or beatings,
but for all persons that die including workers killed at workplaces. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Coroner, being <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a judicial officer usually a Magistrate, is a
person independent from the various law enforcement agencies, can and will do a
determination that will overcome failings and/or mistakes, of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>responsible for law enforcers. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In workplace deaths, which is
usually covered by many different laws and different agencies, where most
agencies may act simply in accordance to the particular law that they are
responsible for. An Inquest will be able to look at every aspects including law
and legal obligations, including also the Penal Code, in their determination of
criminal liability. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We reiterate that persons
responsible for workplace deaths can be charged and tried for murder or
homicide, simply by reason of failure to do the needful, to reduce risk or
prevent deaths, when their failings caused death.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INQUEST for all Deaths is provided by Law</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malaysian <span style="color: red;">Criminal Procedure Code
(CPC) clearly provides that a magistrate shall hold an INQUEST (inquiry into
death) for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>all deaths</u></b>,</span>
whereby during such inquest, the Coroner (usually a Magistrate or Judge) shall
determine as to when, where, how and after what manner the deceased came by his
death and <span style="color: red;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">also whether any person is
criminally concerned in the cause of the death</b>.</span>(Section 333 and 337 CPC). </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An INQUEST is open to the public,
and, as such, any interested party (and/or their lawyers), including trade
unions, can be involved in the inquest, with the capacity of even calling and
examining witnesses, and tendering additional evidence to assist an independent
Coroner make a determination into the cause of death, which includes also
whether any person (including corporations and their officers) could be
criminally liable for the death – murder, culpable homicide or causing death by
negligence.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inquest for workplace deaths must consider all relevant laws and facts </b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For Inquests of deaths at
workplaces, the Coroner needs to consider all relevant employer, owner and
controller of worksites legal obligations. In Malaysia, there are clear
obligations, amongst others, requirements about permits/license, qualification
of workers and even standard of materials/equipment used. A failure to get a
relevant permit, for example, for the storage of dangerous substance, can
result in failure of relevant enforcement agencies inspecting and ensuring due
compliance. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In 2018, we saw a case where the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>employer or factory owner did not having the
permit to store hazardous material, which resulted in ammonia poisoning that
killed 2 workers died and injured 18 others(Sun Daily, 13/8/2018). This case
could be classified as murder or homicide.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Coroner must consider whether
it is a known risk, and whether the employer, owner and contractor did all that
was required by law to prevent deaths, especially from predictable and
preventable risks. A failure may result in being criminally liable for murder,
homicide or even at the very least the crime of causing death by negligence. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For a construction site fatal
accident, the relevant agencies that ought to be assisting the Coroner during
an Inquest may include also the Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH), Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), the Local Government, all
approving authorities and other relevant agencies. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Protecting Workers Lives Must Be a Government Priority</span></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malaysian laws, policies are in
serious need of reforms, with the object of ensuring safe working environment,
and preventing worker deaths and injuries.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act 1994, there is <span style="color: red;">still no clear legal obligations to even keep workers
safe from Covid-19 or other occupational diseases</span>. There is still no specific
workplace regulations, made in accordance with this law that is the primary
legislation dealing with workplace safety and health, which imposes clear legal
obligations on employer or workplace owners to keep workers safe from even
Covid-19, where a breach will be an offence with clear penalties. Only
regulations by the Ministry of Health of general application currently exist.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malaysia also still do not have offence
of industrial manslaughter, which deals with workplace deaths. For example, in
Queensland, Australia, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">industrial
manslaughter</b> is committed <span style="color: red;"><b>when a person conducting a business or
undertaking (PCBU), or a senior officer, to negligently cause the death of a
worker, whereby the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maximum penalty is
<u>20 years imprisonment</u> for an individual, or $10M for a body corporate.</b></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Therefore, we call</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>That public Inquest(Inquiries into death) be
conducted for all worker deaths at workplaces by the Coroner;</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>That an inquest be forthwith conducted for death
of Md Shoriful(43) and Julhas Rahman(27), who died after being buried alive
working in a deep trench to determine whether anyone ought to be charged for
murder or homicide;</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>That the government enact laws that provide for
a higher penalty, if by reason of non-compliance of laws, injury or death of
workers happens;</span></b></p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>That the government prioritizes worker safety
and health, and make the needed legal, policy and practice reforms.</span></b></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charles Hector</span></span></i></p><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></i><p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Apolinar Tolentino</span></span></i></p><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span></i><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></i></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">For and on behalf of the
following 51 groups and trade unions</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">ALIRAN</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Building and Wood Workers
International (BWI) Asia Pacific Region</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC)
South East Asia Coalition</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">UNI Global Union- Asia and
Pacific Regional Organisation (UNI APRO)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SUARAM</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">AMMPO-SENTRO- Association of
Filipino Nationalist Workers in Malaysia</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bangladesh Group Netherlands</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha
Mancha (MASUM), India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cement Industry Employees Union
(CIEU)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Center for Alliance of Labor and
Human Rights (CENTRAL), Cambodia</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Electronic Industry Employees
Union Southern Region Peninsular Malaysia(EIEUSRPM)/Kesatuan Sekerja Industri
Elektronik Wilayah Selatan, Semenanjung Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">IMA Research Foundation,
Bangladesh</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">International Black Women for
Wages for Housework</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Jaringan Solidariti Pekerja (JSP)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Kesatuan Pekerja Atlas Edible Ice
Sdn. Bhd.</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Labour Behind the Label(LBL),
United Kingdom</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MADPET (Malaysians Against Death
Penalty and Torture)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Malay Forest Officers' Union
(MFOU)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">MARUAH, Singapore</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Marvi Rural Development
Organization (MRDO), Pakistan</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Migrant Care</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">NAMM (Network of Action for
Migrants in Malaysia)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">National Union of Flight
Attendants Malaysia (NUFAM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">National Union of Transport
Equipment and Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAIW) West Malaysia</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">North South Initiative(NSI)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Odhikar, Bangladesh</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Payday Men's Network, UK </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Payday Men's Network, US</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Penang Stop Human Trafficking
Campaign</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Persatuan Komuniti Prihatin
Selangor & KL (PRIHATIN)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor
(PSWS)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Philippine Alliance of Human
Rights Advocates (PAHRA)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">PKNS Employees Union</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Programme Against Custodial
Torture and Impunity (PACTI), India</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sabah Timber Industry Employees
Union (STIEU)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Safety and Rights Society (SRS),
Bangladesh</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">SAVE (Social Awareness and Voluntary
Education), India</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Singapore Anti Death Penalty
Campaign</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sosialis Alternatif (SA)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tamkeen for Legal Aid and Human
Rights- Jordan</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tenaganita</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Timber Employees' Union
Peninsular Malaysia (TEUPM)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Timber Industry Employees' Union
of Sarawak (TIEUS)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Union of Employees in
Construction Industry (UECI)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Union of Forest Department
Employees Sarawak (UFES)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Women of Color/Global Women’s
Strike</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Workers Assistance Center, Inc.
Philippines</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Association Of Home And Maquila
Workers (ATRAHDOM), Guatemala</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Campagna Abiti Puliti, Italy</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"># <span style="font-size: small;">After the statement was issued, 1 more groups have endorsed, making it now <u><b>51 groups</b></u> </span><br /></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></i></b></p>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-70933388859905488582020-06-29T22:58:00.000-07:002020-06-29T22:58:11.478-07:00When Does a Worker’s Death Become Murder? Unjust if simply satisfied with compensation for victims?<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 33.3333px; left: 365px; top: 41.6603px; transform: scaleX(0.995182);"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A preventable and/or predictable death of a worker must lead to criminal prosecution of the employer or persons responsible for Murder, Culpable Homicide or other killing offences. A monetary compensation for the victim alone, without criminal liability for the perpetrators is not Justice. </span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 33.3333px; left: 365px; top: 41.6603px; transform: scaleX(0.995182);">When Does a Worker’s Death </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 33.3333px; left: 365px; top: 79.9937px; transform: scaleX(1.00339);">Become Murder?</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 59.7215px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00695);"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 59.7215px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00695);">April 2000, Vol. 90, No. 4</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.321px; top: 182.345px; transform: scaleX(1.048);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.321px; top: 182.345px; transform: scaleX(1.048);">In 1983, Stefan Golab, a 59-year-old </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 200.678px; transform: scaleX(0.969364);">Polish émigré working at the Film Recovery </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(1.041);">Systems plant outside Chicago, collapsed</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(0.960455);"> and died after inhaling cyanide gas produced</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(0.980243);">in the chemical leaching of silver from used</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(1.03239);">film. The Cook County medical examiner </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 292.346px; transform: scaleX(1.03947);">termed his death a homicide following an </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(0.956024);">investigation that revealed that neither Golab</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02559);">nor his mainly Polish-speaking coworkers</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 347.346px; transform: scaleX(0.983799);"> had been provided with adequate protection </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(0.985141);">from the gas or properly warned of the dan-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 384.013px; transform: scaleX(0.980057);">gers of cyanide. In the course of the investi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 402.346px; transform: scaleX(0.991629);">gation into the death, it was discovered that </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03072);">under orders from the plant managers, the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 439.013px; transform: scaleX(0.955846);"> skull-and-crossbones warnings on the side of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 457.346px; transform: scaleX(0.998316);"> the cyanide gas container had been scraped </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 475.68px; transform: scaleX(0.964324);">off the barrels containing the chemicals used </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 494.013px; transform: scaleX(0.948684);">to create the toxic mixture. The company had </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 512.347px; transform: scaleX(0.96041);">already been subjected to numerous fines for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 530.68px; transform: scaleX(1.03241);"> code violations found by state and federal</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 549.013px; transform: scaleX(1.02544);"> safety and health inspectors. Furthermore,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 567.347px; transform: scaleX(0.998174);">sick and vomiting workers were a common</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 585.68px; transform: scaleX(0.948591);"> sight around the plant, undercutting company </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 604.014px; transform: scaleX(1.01082);">officials’ claim that they did not know that </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 622.347px; transform: scaleX(1.03587);">the fumes surrounding the workers day in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 640.68px; transform: scaleX(0.946435);"> and day out were dangerous.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 535.232px; top: 637.405px; transform: scaleX(0.941125);">1–3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 535.232px; top: 637.405px; transform: scaleX(0.941125);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.321px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968693);">In news that made headlines around the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 677.345px; transform: scaleX(1.05371);">nation, the Cook County district attorney </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(1.0582);">brought the case to the grand jury, which</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(0.960444);"> indicted 5 company executives for murder in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 732.345px; transform: scaleX(1.03421);">1985. In 1993, after 8 years of overturned </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(1.08427);">decisions and appeals, 3 managers were </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(1.00463);">finally sentenced for manslaughter to up to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 787.346px; transform: scaleX(0.998192);">3 years in jail; another escaped prosecution</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 805.679px; transform: scaleX(0.980504);"> when the governor of Utah refused to extra</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 824.012px; transform: scaleX(0.944901);">dite him to Illinois.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 478.05px; top: 820.738px; transform: scaleX(0.941125);">1–3</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.321px; top: 842.345px; transform: scaleX(1.03035);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.321px; top: 842.345px; transform: scaleX(1.03035);">The Film Recovery case was particu</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 860.678px; transform: scaleX(1.00844);">larly troubling for lawyers and the press. It </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 879.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02531);">was a precedent-setting decision: criminal </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 897.345px; transform: scaleX(0.986692);">law had never before “imposed a duty upon</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 915.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03263);"> corporate managers to provide employees</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 934.012px; transform: scaleX(0.965207);"> with a safe workplace.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 507.639px; top: 930.738px;">4</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 517.145px; top: 934.012px; transform: scaleX(0.988121);">It also was the first </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 952.345px; transform: scaleX(0.944394);">time corporate executives had been convicted</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 970.679px; transform: scaleX(1.0118);"> for maintaining unhealthful and dangerous </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 989.012px; transform: scaleX(0.976246);">conditions in a plant. Murder, the willful act </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.07436);">of an individual resulting in the death of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.97737);"> another, had always been difficult to ascribe</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.998157);"> to factory owners, much less a corporation.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(0.943492);">Legally, it was traditionally held that a corpo</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(0.955714);">ration had no “mind” and therefore could not </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.970307);">be prosecuted for willful intent, and, further,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(0.999375);">that it had no “body” and could not be sub</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(1.0518);">jected to imprisonment. At best, as in the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.957484);">1977 case of Pyro Products, a fireworks con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.961792);">cern in Massachusetts, criminal prosecutions </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(1.04327);">were limited to involuntary manslaughter</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.321px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(0.939575);"> charges, for which the burden of proof is con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 182.346px; transform: scaleX(1.04274);">siderably lower than for a murder charge. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 200.68px; transform: scaleX(1.06694);">Manslaughter is defined as “an unlawful</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 219.013px; transform: scaleX(1.02347);"> homicide unintentionally caused by an act</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 237.347px; transform: scaleX(1.00158);"> which constitutes such a disregard of prob</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 255.68px; transform: scaleX(0.998203);">ably harmful consequences to another as to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 274.013px; transform: scaleX(0.945765);"> amount to wanton or reckless conduct.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 904.464px; top: 270.738px;">4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 904.464px; top: 270.738px;"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.513px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.992135);">In a number of law review articles that </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 310.678px; transform: scaleX(0.945769);">appeared in subsequent years, authors contin</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01972);">ued to comment on the implications of the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 347.345px; transform: scaleX(0.936814);"> judge’s decision in the Film Recovery case.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 924.902px; top: 344.072px; transform: scaleX(0.941125);">5–9</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.513px; top: 365.678px; transform: scaleX(0.982216);">In the lay literature as well, newspaper after </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.513px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.00333);">newspaper remarked on the significance of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.513px; top: 402.345px; transform: scaleX(0.965969);"> the case,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 719.195px; top: 399.072px; transform: scaleX(0.941927);">10–12</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 747.998px; top: 402.345px; transform: scaleX(0.971237);">which spurred many to express</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 420.678px; transform: scaleX(1.00161);"> fear that the number of prosecutions would </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.957288);">rise in dangerous trades such as mining, con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 457.345px; transform: scaleX(0.949037);">struction, and chemical works.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 850.583px; top: 454.072px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">13</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.513px; top: 475.678px; transform: scaleX(0.997409);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.513px; top: 475.678px; transform: scaleX(0.997409);">While the Film Recovery case was the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(0.98168);">first to result in a conviction, it was just one </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 512.345px; transform: scaleX(1.05412);">of a number of manslaughter and murder</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 530.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968082);"> indictments that were brought to court in the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(1.08602);">1980s and 1990s. In fact, the number of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 567.345px; transform: scaleX(1.02314);"> manslaughter and murder charges brought </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 585.679px; transform: scaleX(0.962211);">against corporations and their executives has </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(1.06311);">been growing since the late 1970s, when</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 622.346px; transform: scaleX(0.988143);"> executives at the Warner-Lambert company </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 640.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03968);">were brought to trial after a vat exploded,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 659.013px; transform: scaleX(1.09221);">killing a worker in the company’s Long</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 677.346px; transform: scaleX(0.995367);">Island City, NY, bubble-gum factory. In the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(0.98832);">1980s and 1990s, manslaughter and murder </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 714.013px; transform: scaleX(1.01972);">charges were brought against corporations</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 732.346px; transform: scaleX(1.10624);"> and owners of construction companies,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 750.68px; transform: scaleX(1.01676);">demolition companies, mining companies,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 769.013px; transform: scaleX(0.97245);">chemical manufacturers, waste disposal cor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 787.346px; transform: scaleX(0.979336);">porations, electrical manufacturing corpora</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 805.68px; transform: scaleX(0.978545);">tions, maritime terminal operators, the Mor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 824.013px; transform: scaleX(0.937431);">ton Salt Company, automobile manufacturers,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 842.347px; transform: scaleX(0.986653);">air-bag manufacturers, the director and pro</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 860.68px; transform: scaleX(1.05977);">ducers of the film </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 789.578px; top: 860.68px; transform: scaleX(0.997229);">The Twilight Zone,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 916.438px; top: 860.68px; transform: scaleX(1.02624);">and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 879.014px; transform: scaleX(0.960877);"> others.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 707.496px; top: 875.738px; transform: scaleX(0.95635);">14–27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.513px; top: 897.345px; transform: scaleX(0.989662);">In 1985, the Los Angeles district attor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 915.678px; transform: scaleX(0.998093);">ney established a team of prosecutors dedi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 934.012px; transform: scaleX(0.964981);">cated to investigating and prosecuting crimi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 952.345px; transform: scaleX(0.995909);">nal charges against corporations in cases of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.514px; top: 970.679px; transform: scaleX(1.08393);"> wrongful death.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 775.168px; top: 967.405px; transform: scaleX(1.12226);">28,29</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 805.721px; top: 970.678px; transform: scaleX(1.09237);">In 1988, the Justice </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.513px; top: 989.012px; transform: scaleX(1.05061);">Department ruled that “employers whose </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.513px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(0.998009);">workers are killed or injured on the job can</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1210.9px; transform: scaleX(0.977778);"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 72.345px; transform: scaleX(1.00218);">be prosecuted for murder, manslaughter, or</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 90.6784px; transform: scaleX(1.10448);"> assault under state law and cannot seek </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 109.012px; transform: scaleX(1.07556);">refuge under Federal laws on workplace </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 127.345px; transform: scaleX(0.916853);">safety.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 93.7997px; top: 124.072px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">30</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 107.517px; top: 127.345px; transform: scaleX(0.964456);">In 1991, a fire that killed 25 people </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 145.678px; transform: scaleX(0.977595);">and injured 56 in a chicken processing plant </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 164.012px; transform: scaleX(1.05051);">in Hamlet, NC, led to the indictment of 3</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 182.345px; transform: scaleX(1.05594);">officials who were accused, among other</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 200.679px; transform: scaleX(0.984175);"> things, of having locked these employees in </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(0.938967);">the plant. One plant owner was sentenced to a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 237.346px; transform: scaleX(0.967064);">20-year term in prison.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 190.341px; top: 234.072px; transform: scaleX(0.940925);">31–33</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 218.977px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(0.959034);">Recently, a supe</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 255.678px; transform: scaleX(0.966918);">rior court judge in Oakland, Calif, sentenced </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01708);">the owner of a chrome plating company to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.959196);">16 months in jail and fined him $500 000 for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(0.976325);"> instructing an employee to crawl through an </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.974379);">entry hole and clean sludge from the bottom </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 347.346px; transform: scaleX(1.00351);">of a tank filled with acids and cyanide—an</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0007px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(0.943751);"> act that led to the deaths of 2 workers.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 277.908px; top: 362.405px; transform: scaleX(0.933958);">34,35</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02913);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02913);">The movement of job-related injuries </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 402.345px; transform: scaleX(1.0311);">and deaths into the criminal courts, where </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(0.949196);">district attorneys prosecute corporation heads </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.978625);">and managers for manslaughter and murder,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 457.345px; transform: scaleX(0.979667);">is still unusual enough to be newsworthy. In</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.959998);">1984 </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 85.1664px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.917827);">Business Week</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 177.861px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968392);"> published a review arti</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(0.988716);">cle titled “Why More Corporations May Be </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 512.346px; transform: scaleX(0.979249);">Charged with Manslaughter.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 232.776px; top: 509.072px; transform: scaleX(0.971575);">36</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 247.375px; top: 512.345px; transform: scaleX(0.996199);">In 1985, the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 530.678px; transform: scaleX(0.902948);">New York Times</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 152.036px; top: 530.678px; transform: scaleX(0.98482);"> commented on the viability</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(0.96045);"> of manslaughter and murder charges brought</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 567.345px; transform: scaleX(1.00401);"> against corporations. “For years, the courts</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 585.679px; transform: scaleX(1.00198);"> rejected the notion that a corporation could</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(0.941493);"> be charged with a crime,” opined the newspa</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 622.346px; transform: scaleX(0.974688);">per. “But the idea of corporate ‘personhood’ </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 640.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01954);">stopped short of murder.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 215.02px; top: 637.405px; transform: scaleX(1.02085);">37</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 230.124px; top: 640.678px; transform: scaleX(1.01213);">More recently,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9994px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02402);">the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 74.4049px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(1.03233);">Wall Street Journal</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 203.947px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02572);"> expressed concern</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9978px; top: 677.345px; transform: scaleX(0.956474);"> about the “growing number of employers . . .</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9978px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01746);">being charged with manslaughter, reckless </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9978px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(1.09872);">homicide, and assault” and the fact that</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9978px; top: 732.345px; transform: scaleX(0.956362);">“prosecutors in 14 states in recent years have</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9978px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03806);"> sought jail time for employers, sending at</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 49.9978px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(0.939308);"> least 12 to jail in the 1990s.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 220.683px; top: 765.738px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">38</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 787.345px; transform: scaleX(0.96013);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 787.345px; transform: scaleX(0.96013);">Traditionally, a worker’s injury or death</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 805.678px; transform: scaleX(0.967107);"> has been addressed in the civil courts, where</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 824.012px; transform: scaleX(0.997179);"> workers have sued for damages, or through</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 842.345px; transform: scaleX(1.028);"> the workers’ compensation system, where</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 860.679px; transform: scaleX(0.998898);"> workers or their families have gained mod</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 879.012px; transform: scaleX(1.07139);">est, if relatively secure, compensation in </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 897.346px; transform: scaleX(1.04895);">exchange for giving up their rights to sue </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 915.679px; transform: scaleX(1.00369);">companies for damages. While it is prema</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 934.012px; transform: scaleX(0.967071);">ture to identify a “trend,” the recent criminal</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 952.346px; transform: scaleX(1.1673);"> cases may signal a definite change in </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 970.679px; transform: scaleX(1.06231);">employees’ historical dependence on the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 989.013px; transform: scaleX(0.961029);">decisions of civil juries, workers’ compensa</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.01553);">tion boards, expert panels, and the broader </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(1.02754);">public health community to remedy injus</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.915273);">tices. Further, the criminalization of a worker’s</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.02205);">death is a step in the transformation in our </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(0.995397);">thinking about the nature of industrial acci</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(1.00001);">dents and disease: Is this an essentially pri</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(0.992663);">vate matter, to be settled in court between a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.95201);"> worker and an employer? Is it a public health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.956328);"> matter? Or is it a public, criminal issue, to be</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(1.02722);"> prosecuted by the state? We may be in the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(1.0088);"> process of reinventing the means by which</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.08044);"> the public protects its right to a safe and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 72.3465px; transform: scaleX(0.960974);">healthy workplace, exclusive of the compen</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 90.6799px; transform: scaleX(1.01535);">sation system and state and federal regula</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 109.013px; transform: scaleX(0.959191);">tory bodies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 109.013px; transform: scaleX(0.959191);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 353.333px; top: 161.46px; transform: scaleX(1.04314);">The Changing Understanding of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 353.333px; top: 181.46px; transform: scaleX(1.01592);"> Workplace Deaths</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 353.333px; top: 181.46px; transform: scaleX(1.01592);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01909);">For the historian, it is remarkable that</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(0.977383);"> this change is occurring under historical cir</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(0.982622);">cumstances that in certain ways are familiar </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(1.00838);">and in certain ways are very different from</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(1.01321);"> earlier efforts to bring national attention to </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(1.05094);">the need to reform workplace conditions.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.999763);">First, the recent effort to introduce the con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 347.346px; transform: scaleX(1.06189);">cept of murder into our understanding of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(1.0086);"> industrial accidents is coming not from the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(0.99886);">labor movement, the public health commu</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 402.346px; transform: scaleX(1.03905);">nity, federal agencies, or liberal advocacy</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(1.02051);"> groups, but from local prosecutors and the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 439.013px; transform: scaleX(1.04685);">states. Second, it is occurring at a time of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 457.346px; transform: scaleX(0.956278);"> labor decline and weakness, born as it was in </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 475.68px; transform: scaleX(1.09641);">the midst of the Reagan administration.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 494.013px; transform: scaleX(1.00798);">Third, it is an effort that appears to assume</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 512.346px; transform: scaleX(1.05457);"> that the administrative and governmental </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 530.68px; transform: scaleX(0.985552);">tools of the Occupational Safety and Health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 549.013px; transform: scaleX(1.02606);"> Administration (OSHA) and public health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 567.347px; transform: scaleX(0.958954);"> agencies are ineffective, despite a continuing</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 585.68px; transform: scaleX(0.953622);"> decline in the fatality rate in American work-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 604.013px; transform: scaleX(0.938172);">places. Finally, it is occurring in a virtual vac</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 622.347px; transform: scaleX(0.95166);">uum of popular pressure.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 504.006px; top: 619.072px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">39</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 640.678px; transform: scaleX(0.927796);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 640.678px; transform: scaleX(0.927796);">While this may be the first time in Amer</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(1.03465);">ican history that prosecutors have defined</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 677.345px; transform: scaleX(0.980658);"> workplace death as a form of homicide, it is </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(1.04154);">certainly not the first time that broad seg</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(0.959341);">ments of the American public have viewed it </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 732.345px; transform: scaleX(1.04769);">in this way. During the past century there </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(0.960777);">have been numerous instances in which pop</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(0.956094);">ular journals, government, unions, and labor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 787.346px; transform: scaleX(0.988958);">ers have defined workplace deaths as forms</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 805.679px; transform: scaleX(0.930397);"> of murder. A brief look backward may help us</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 824.013px; transform: scaleX(0.917822);"> understand the ways in which a worker’s </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 594.913px; top: 824.013px; transform: scaleX(0.907301);">death </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 842.346px; transform: scaleX(0.959276);">is socially transformed from an “accident”—</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 860.679px; transform: scaleX(1.00918);">an unpredictable, chance occurrence—into </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 879.013px; transform: scaleX(0.976562);">manslaughter or murder—a preventable and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 897.346px; transform: scaleX(0.920328);"> predictable event, caused by one or more iden</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 915.68px; transform: scaleX(0.963672);">tifiable entities. In this process, the responsi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 934.013px; transform: scaleX(0.993604);">bility for such an event is also transformed:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 952.346px; transform: scaleX(1.0016);">no one is to blame for an accident, but spe</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 970.68px; transform: scaleX(0.977515);">cific persons, sometimes in their capacity as</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 989.013px; transform: scaleX(0.960968);"> representatives of disembodied corporations,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(0.942013);">can be held accountable for a preventable and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.940703);">predictable event.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(1.07063);">The growing concern over workers’</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.01165);"> deaths took shape in the first decade of the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(0.943913);">20th century, in the wake of the revolutionary</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.981005);"> social and economic changes that American </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(1.05933);">industry had recently undergone. In little</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(1.04204);"> more than 3 decades, Americans had wit</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(1.05063);">nessed the virtual explosion of urban and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(1.01219);">manufacturing centers as rural populations </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.936734);">moved to urban centers. Before the Civil War,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.01031);">most Americans lived on farms or in small</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 72.3472px; transform: scaleX(0.943407);"> towns, and the few factories that existed were </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 90.6806px; transform: scaleX(1.038);">scattered in mill and mining communities</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 109.014px; transform: scaleX(0.974653);">throughout the Northeast. The growth of the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 127.347px; transform: scaleX(0.999164);">transcontinental railroads, the development</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 145.681px; transform: scaleX(0.952098);"> of national markets, increased exploitation of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 164.014px; transform: scaleX(0.992071);">natural resources such as coal and iron, and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 182.348px; transform: scaleX(1.03836);"> the massive immigration of laborers from </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 200.681px; transform: scaleX(0.943396);">rural Europe to the cities of the Northeast and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 219.015px; transform: scaleX(0.946186);">Midwest changed the conditions of work dra</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 237.348px; transform: scaleX(1.00546);">matically. (See Tomlins.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 811.059px; top: 234.072px; transform: scaleX(1.00029);">40,41</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 834.162px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(1.02005);">) America rose </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 255.678px; transform: scaleX(1.05105);">from a fourth-rate industrial power to the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(0.940297);"> world’s leading industrial producer.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.666px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.947697);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.666px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.947697);">Along with increased production came a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(0.95201);"> rapid decline in working conditions for many </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(1.08868);">laborers. Speed-ups; monotonous tasks;</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 347.346px; transform: scaleX(1.03993);">exposure to chemical toxins and metallic,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(0.986964);">mineral, and organic dusts; and unprotected </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.03333);">machinery made the American workplace</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 402.346px; transform: scaleX(1.03224);"> among the most dangerous in the world.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 919.554px; top: 399.072px; transform: scaleX(1.03287);">42</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 420.678px; transform: scaleX(0.957245);">“To the unprecedented prosperity . . . there is</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.956345);"> a seamy side of which little is said,” reported </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 457.345px; transform: scaleX(1.05261);">one observer in a 1907 article titled “The</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.951092);"> Death Roll of Industry.” “Thousands of wage </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(1.05305);">earners, men, women, and children, [are]</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 512.345px; transform: scaleX(0.962571);">caught in the machinery of our record break</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 530.679px; transform: scaleX(0.953484);">ing production and turned out cripples. Other </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(1.07886);">thousands [are] killed outright. . . . How </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 567.346px; transform: scaleX(0.948383);">many there [are] none can say exactly, for we</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 585.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01911);">[are] too busy making our record breaking</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 604.013px; transform: scaleX(0.944423);"> production to count the dead.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 838.2px; top: 600.738px; transform: scaleX(0.935282);">42(p791)</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 622.345px; transform: scaleX(0.944618);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 622.345px; transform: scaleX(0.944618);">In a theme that would appear repeatedly,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 640.678px; transform: scaleX(0.934503);">reformers compared the toll of industrial acci</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.941949);">dents to that of an undeclared war, sometimes </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 677.345px; transform: scaleX(1.02433);">a war on workers themselves. In 1904, for </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(1.028);">example, </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 720.259px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01378);">The Outlook,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 810.342px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03636);">a mass-circulation </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(1.0494);">magazine, commented on the horrendous</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 732.346px; transform: scaleX(0.938186);"> social effects of industrialization. “The fright</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(0.957572);">ful increase in the number of casualties of all </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(1.0153);">kinds in this country during the last two or </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 787.346px; transform: scaleX(0.99206);">three years is becoming a matter of the first </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 805.679px; transform: scaleX(0.984415);">importance. A greater number of people are </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 824.013px; transform: scaleX(0.970177);">killed every year by so-called accidents than </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 842.346px; transform: scaleX(0.913719);">are killed in many wars of considerable magni</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 860.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968024);">tude. . . . It is becoming as perilous to live in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 879.013px; transform: scaleX(1.01034);"> the United States as to participate in actual</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 897.346px; transform: scaleX(1.00267);"> warfare.” The magazine demanded that the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 915.68px; transform: scaleX(0.950198);">states begin counting industrial accidents and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 934.013px; transform: scaleX(0.95453);">deaths “in order that the people of the United</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 952.347px; transform: scaleX(0.969916);"> States may face the situation and understand</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 970.68px; transform: scaleX(1.05852);"> how cheap human life has become under </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 989.013px; transform: scaleX(0.922412);">American conditions.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 788.91px; top: 985.738px; transform: scaleX(0.910676);">43</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.05773);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.05773);">The power of the early-20th-century</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.962357);">movement depended on the widespread pub</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.980833);">licity provided by a group of journalists and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.04937);">writers. These “muckrakers” exposed the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(1.03988);">horrible conditions of work to millions of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.997387);">Americans through mass-circulation maga</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(0.939167);">zine articles, pamphlets, and books. Their pri</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.969792);">mary aim was to arouse the public through a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.99906);"> wide spread propaganda campaign aimed at </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.979505);">forcing reform legislation through Congress</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(1.03456);"> and state legislatures. They also sought to </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.05101);">force particularly dangerous industries to </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 780.849px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00695);">April 2000, Vol. 90, No. 4</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 50.0003px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(0.9998);">536 </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 85.4141px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00709);">American Journal of Public Health </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 50.3332px; top: 28.3301px; transform: scaleX(1.11523);">Health Policy and Ethics Forum </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 72.345px; transform: scaleX(1.00726);">clean up their workplaces, by developing a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 90.6784px; transform: scaleX(0.96955);"> language and argument that portrayed work</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 109.012px; transform: scaleX(0.979282);">ers’ deaths as a form of industrial homicide.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 127.345px; transform: scaleX(0.96147);">William Hard, in a 1904 article in the widely </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 145.679px; transform: scaleX(0.984711);">circulated magazine </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 189.776px; top: 145.679px; transform: scaleX(0.943946);">Everybody’s</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 265.324px; top: 145.679px; transform: scaleX(0.989329);">, described</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 164.012px; transform: scaleX(0.940374);"> the conditions of work at the US Steel Corpo</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 182.346px; transform: scaleX(0.985664);">ration’s south Chicago plant. In 1904 alone,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 200.679px; transform: scaleX(1.00338);"> 46 men were killed on the job and 386 suf</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(0.987592);">fered permanent disabilities. In vivid detail,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 237.346px; transform: scaleX(1.0563);"> Hard described how men fell into vats of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(0.976127);">molten metal or were showered with molten </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 274.013px; transform: scaleX(0.99544);">steel by sudden explosions in the furnace.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 323.175px; top: 270.738px; transform: scaleX(0.977184);">44</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.950971);">Similar conditions were described in 1911 by </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 310.678px; transform: scaleX(0.945793);">John Fitch.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 126.573px; top: 307.405px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">45</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.952053);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.952053);">The Survey, Everybody’s,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 250.97px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.979082);">and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 276.963px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.975949);"> The Out</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 347.345px; transform: scaleX(0.945068);">look, </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 94.8909px; top: 347.345px; transform: scaleX(0.97928);">all widely distributed mass-circulation</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(1.06942);"> magazines, served as the outlets through</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(0.953207);"> which muckrakers and others exposed condi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 402.345px; transform: scaleX(0.933031);">tions in the dangerous trades and detailed “the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(0.926854);">death roll of industry.” Here, writers described</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.965112);"> how industrialists sent “to the hospital or the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 457.346px; transform: scaleX(1.02619);">graveyard one worker every minute of the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.942542);">year.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 95.2183px; top: 472.405px; transform: scaleX(0.977035);">42(p791)</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 136.535px; top: 475.678px; transform: scaleX(0.99586);">Others noted that the “price we</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(0.944461);"> pay in human lives for our industrial progress</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 512.345px; transform: scaleX(1.0455);">is . . . appalling. For nearly every floor of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 530.679px; transform: scaleX(0.974396);">every skyscraper that goes to make up Man</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(0.977814);">hattan’s picturesque skyline, a man gives up</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 567.345px; transform: scaleX(0.961817);"> his life.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 112.452px; top: 564.072px; transform: scaleX(0.969572);">46</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 126.952px; top: 567.345px; transform: scaleX(0.986969);">During these years, Crystal East-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0008px; top: 585.678px; transform: scaleX(1.04455);">man wrote her classic study of Pittsburgh </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0008px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(0.950161);">workers, </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 116.814px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(0.953367);">Work-Accidents and the Law,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 296.579px; top: 600.738px; transform: scaleX(0.956951);">47</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 310.947px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968488);">and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0001px; top: 622.345px; transform: scaleX(0.983083);">Upton Sinclair wrote </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 194.458px; top: 622.345px; transform: scaleX(0.96663);">The Jungle.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 265.876px; top: 619.072px; transform: scaleX(0.959155);">48</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 280.268px; top: 622.345px; transform: scaleX(0.984578);">It was at</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 640.678px; transform: scaleX(0.97612);"> this time, too, that Alice Hamilton produced</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.981527);"> her classic studies of the lead industry</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 296.595px; top: 655.738px; transform: scaleX(0.95615);">49</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 310.957px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968072);">and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 677.345px; transform: scaleX(0.977722);">wrote feature articles for popular magazines </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(0.945988);">relating the plight of urban industrial workers </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(0.979713);">and their families.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 172.443px; top: 710.738px; transform: scaleX(0.961358);">50</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 186.858px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(0.98115);">At the federal level, the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 732.345px; transform: scaleX(0.93302);">Railroad Compensation Act of 1907 promised </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(0.977764);">financial compensation for accidents to rail-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(0.930331);">road workers injured on the job.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 89.9992px; top: 787.345px; transform: scaleX(1.01926);">The rhetoric used to address workers’</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 805.679px; transform: scaleX(0.982255);">deaths in the first decade of the century was </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 824.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968346);">composed of two sometimes conflicting ide</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 842.346px; transform: scaleX(0.979481);">ological perspectives. Most of the muck rak</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 860.679px; transform: scaleX(0.953373);">ers used the rhetoric of class to talk about the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 879.012px; transform: scaleX(0.941802);"> systematic deaths of workers. But others used</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 897.346px; transform: scaleX(1.02778);"> concepts and language borrowed from the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 915.679px; transform: scaleX(0.960597);">lexicon of business when analyzing the issue</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 934.013px; transform: scaleX(0.986295);"> of death, disability, and responsibility at the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 952.346px; transform: scaleX(0.966484);">workplace. They often used words and argu</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 970.68px; transform: scaleX(1.04589);">ments borrowed from then-contemporary </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 989.013px; transform: scaleX(1.0048);">theories of scientific management and effi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(0.991084);">ciency, speaking of the “costs” of industrial </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.974263);">accidents or the “inefficiency” or scarcity of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(1.08313);">“human resources” they caused. Injured </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.00414);">workers were compared to broken machin</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(1.10928);">ery, and workers killed on the job were</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.943387);"> described as “wasted resources.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.943387);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 89.9992px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(1.05088);">“A careful businessman sees that his </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(1.03457);">property is maintained in excellent condi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.958039);">tion,” said one propagandist for International </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.960687);">Harvester in 1912. “His buildings are kept in </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(1.04705);">good repair and fully insured against loss</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 59.9998px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.04903);"> from fire. His machinery is always main</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 72.3468px; transform: scaleX(1.04493);">tained at a high point of efficiency. . . . In </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 90.6803px; transform: scaleX(0.979065);">short, every dollar he invests in his business</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 109.014px; transform: scaleX(0.991871);"> is guarded and nursed so that it brings forth </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 127.347px; transform: scaleX(0.937564);">its full and legitimate earning power.” A busi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 145.681px; transform: scaleX(1.02256);">nessman who conserves the workforce, he </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 164.014px; transform: scaleX(1.04359);">maintained, “is simply applying the same </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 182.347px; transform: scaleX(1.05042);">business principles to his workers that he </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 200.681px; transform: scaleX(0.989898);">applies to the rest of his business.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 580.685px; top: 197.405px; transform: scaleX(0.971374);">51</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 595.282px; top: 200.678px; transform: scaleX(0.976478);">Others </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(0.989079);">pointed out that healthy workers were more </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(0.981557);">productive than sick workers.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 547.238px; top: 234.072px; transform: scaleX(0.972777);">52–54</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 576.043px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(0.980657);">The over-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 255.678px; transform: scaleX(1.00359);">riding assumption of most muckrakers was</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(0.933248);"> that if they shone a bright light on acts of evil,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(1.09067);">the more unseemly outrages of industry </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(0.971442);">would be controlled and the killing of work</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.945646);">ers would subside.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.945646);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 363.333px; top: 381.46px; transform: scaleX(1.02455);">The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 363.333px; top: 401.46px; transform: scaleX(1.04229);"> Fire and Its Consequences</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.333px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968462);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.333px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968462);">Yet this attempt at moral suasion would </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 457.345px; transform: scaleX(1.01055);">change dramatically in the years following</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(1.08136);"> the infamous Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01229);">lower Manhattan, near Washington Square</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 512.345px; transform: scaleX(0.956876);"> Park. On March 25, 1911, just before closing</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 530.679px; transform: scaleX(1.00182);"> time, a fire began on the eighth floor of the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(1.00515);">loft building in which 600 women, most of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 567.346px; transform: scaleX(1.01894);">them young immigrants, made corsets and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 585.679px; transform: scaleX(1.02757);">shirt waists. Quickly the fire began to con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(1.00331);">sume the tons of scraps and cloth clippings</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 622.346px; transform: scaleX(0.958634);"> that covered the floors of the factory, spread</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 640.679px; transform: scaleX(0.976086);">ing rapidly to the floors above. Because exit </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 659.013px; transform: scaleX(0.996937);">doors were locked from the outside and the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 677.346px; transform: scaleX(1.02609);">fire stairs were made of wood, the women</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 695.68px; transform: scaleX(1.06003);"> began to realize that they faced a terrible </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 714.013px; transform: scaleX(0.940449);">choice: either be burned alive or jump to their </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 732.346px; transform: scaleX(0.9917);">deaths 110 feet below. As a crowd gathered</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 750.68px; transform: scaleX(0.972132);"> below, and as firemen in horse-drawn trucks</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 769.013px; transform: scaleX(0.965448);"> found that neither their ladders nor the water</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 787.347px; transform: scaleX(0.974447);"> from their hoses could reach above the sixth </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 805.68px; transform: scaleX(1.01249);">story, 62 women jumped to their deaths on</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 824.013px; transform: scaleX(1.06836);"> the pavement below. Some hit with such </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 842.347px; transform: scaleX(1.08854);">force—11 000 lb/ft</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 495.769px; top: 839.072px;">2</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 501.637px; top: 842.345px; transform: scaleX(1.10235);">—that they crashed </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 860.678px; transform: scaleX(1.01159);">through the pavement into an underground</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.333px; top: 879.012px; transform: scaleX(0.954991);"> basement.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 424.231px; top: 875.738px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">55</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 424.231px; top: 875.738px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 393.333px; top: 897.345px; transform: scaleX(1.02272);">The fire spurred a shift in the rhetoric </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 915.678px; transform: scaleX(0.979558);">regarding the responsibility for “accidental”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 934.012px; transform: scaleX(1.02034);">deaths, as labor organizers, reformers, and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 952.345px; transform: scaleX(1.0535);">socialists began pressing a broader, more </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 970.679px; transform: scaleX(1.07892);">pointed class analysis that saw workers’</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 989.012px; transform: scaleX(1.0324);"> deaths as symptoms of an insidious social </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(0.992885);">malady. A broader indictment of capitalism </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.968478);">itself, rather than of individual culpability or</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.99728);"> the greed of a specific owner, began to per</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.08495);">meate the popular and reform literature.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(0.977649);">Especially after the March of Half a Million</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.953777);"> garment workers, their families, and support</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(1.0259);">ers (during the week following the fire), it </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(1.05442);">became apparent that the shift in rhetoric </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.994231);">augured severe class conflict over workers’</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.960804);">deaths. Businessmen “would rather risk their </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.940461);">neighbor’s lives than their own money,” com</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(0.953456);">plained one discussant. “Greed feels nothing, </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 72.346px; transform: scaleX(0.941942);">knows nothing, cares for nothing but profit. It </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 90.6794px; transform: scaleX(0.934462);">fears nothing but the loss of dollars. . . . There </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 109.013px; transform: scaleX(0.995169);">is no . . . reason to suppose [employers] are </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 127.346px; transform: scaleX(1.09659);">distressed by the sight of human beings</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 145.68px; transform: scaleX(1.05446);"> crushed under falling walls or leaping all </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 164.013px; transform: scaleX(0.95809);">aflame from tenth story windows,” remarked </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 182.347px; transform: scaleX(0.962181);">The Independent </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 774.12px; top: 182.347px; transform: scaleX(0.975279);">in an editorial titled “Busi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 200.68px; transform: scaleX(1.01854);">ness and Manslaughter.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 824.821px; top: 197.405px; transform: scaleX(1.02827);">56</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 839.214px; top: 200.678px; transform: scaleX(1.04766);">The fire and its </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(1.03985);">aftermath also ushered in, in the words of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(1.03022);"> Arthur McEvoy, “the establishment of the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(1.04402);">modern regulatory state.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 835.14px; top: 252.405px; transform: scaleX(1.06273);">55(p622)</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 879.76px; top: 255.678px; transform: scaleX(1.0503);">(See also</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(0.948005);">Stein.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 701.27px; top: 270.738px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">57</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 710.928px; top: 274.012px;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.667px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.931127);">Socialists and moralists rejected a world-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(0.984108);">view that saw workers as “machines” or the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.950993);">“raw material” for industry. The new rhetoric </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 347.345px; transform: scaleX(1.01404);">of the muckrakers and other propagandists</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(1.0006);"> achieved major reforms intended to protect</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01731);"> workers. It was most successful in making</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 402.346px; transform: scaleX(0.916258);"> occupational safety and health a national issue.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01739);">For almost a decade, exposés of inhumane </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.987663);">working conditions were regular features in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 457.346px; transform: scaleX(0.929252);"> newspapers and magazines across the country.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968613);">Labor leaders and the American Association</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 494.013px; transform: scaleX(0.977447);"> of Labor Legislation pressed for a bundle of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 512.346px; transform: scaleX(0.963795);"> legislative and voluntary reforms such as the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 530.68px; transform: scaleX(0.941288);">Esch Phosphorus Bill, which mandated a pro</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 549.013px; transform: scaleX(0.944094);">hibitive federal tax on phosphorus used in the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 567.346px; transform: scaleX(0.964016);">manufacture of kitchen matches (matchmak</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 585.68px; transform: scaleX(1.02899);">ers who worked with phosphorus suffered </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 604.013px; transform: scaleX(0.950811);">from “phossy jaw,” a devastating disease that </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 622.347px; transform: scaleX(0.923058);">destroyed the jaws). Child labor laws and laws </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 640.68px; transform: scaleX(0.989297);">restricting women’s work in foundries, lead</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 659.013px; transform: scaleX(1.08469);"> plants, and other dangerous places were </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 677.347px; transform: scaleX(1.01722);">passed. Stricter factory inspection systems</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 695.68px; transform: scaleX(0.918919);"> were introduced in the larger industrial states.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.667px; top: 714.014px; transform: scaleX(1.08536);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.667px; top: 714.014px; transform: scaleX(1.08536);">An alliance between labor and con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 732.347px; transform: scaleX(0.998785);">sumer groups augured an even more potent </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 750.681px; transform: scaleX(0.957944);">political movement. The Consumers League,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 769.014px; transform: scaleX(0.973942);">a New York–based organization, pressed for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 787.347px; transform: scaleX(0.950579);">“safe and healthful” workplaces and a ban on </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 805.681px; transform: scaleX(1.07023);">homework for women and children. The</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 824.014px; transform: scaleX(0.990605);">Women’s Label League called for a label—</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 842.348px; transform: scaleX(1.02914);">similar to the Good Housekeeping Seal of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 860.681px; transform: scaleX(0.974668);">Approval—to be placed in clothes produced</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 879.014px; transform: scaleX(1.02407);"> in safe and healthful workplaces and to be</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 897.348px; transform: scaleX(1.03298);">displayed in advertisements of companies </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 915.681px; transform: scaleX(0.961985);">that maintained hygienic workplaces.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 894.271px; top: 912.405px; transform: scaleX(0.944932);">58</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 908.598px; top: 915.678px; transform: scaleX(0.955938);">Even</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 934.012px; transform: scaleX(0.952713);">Teddy Roosevelt’s Progressive Party adopted </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 952.345px; transform: scaleX(0.945994);">a plank calling for safer workplaces.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 884.655px; top: 949.072px; transform: scaleX(0.941526);">59</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 666.667px; top: 1004.79px; transform: scaleX(1.01458);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 666.667px; top: 1004.79px; transform: scaleX(1.01458);">The “Assumed Risk” Doctrine </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 666.667px; top: 1024.79px; transform: scaleX(1.02542);">and Other Roadblocks to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 666.667px; top: 1044.79px; transform: scaleX(1.04995);"> Change</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 696.667px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(1.0732);">During the 19th century, job-related </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(0.962285);">injuries and deaths were seen as unfortunate,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.931582);">perhaps inevitable, by-products of production.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.948547);">Personal health and safety issues in pre indus</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.913668);">trial America were seen as the responsibility of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.944137);"> the worker. Legal doctrines such as “assumed</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 666.667px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.03488);"> risk” spoke to the prevailing 19th-century</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 705.701px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00709);">American Journal of Public Health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 918.754px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(0.9998);">537</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 60.0003px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00695);">April 2000, Vol. 90, No. 4</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 737.555px; top: 28.3301px; transform: scaleX(1.11523);"> Health Policy and Ethics Forum </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 72.345px; transform: scaleX(0.935703);">belief that the worker both controlled and was</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 90.6784px; transform: scaleX(1.01722);"> responsible for the conditions of his or her </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 109.012px; transform: scaleX(0.966888);">work and that the employee, by taking a job,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 127.345px; transform: scaleX(0.976222);">assumed the risks of employment and there</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 145.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968484);">fore responsibility for occupational injury or </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 164.012px; transform: scaleX(1.0124);">death. The doctrine of “contributory negli</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 182.346px; transform: scaleX(0.959247);">gence” held that even when an employer had </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 200.679px; transform: scaleX(0.919043);">clearly placed an employee at risk, a suit could </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(0.932553);">be disallowed if the worker had contributed in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 237.346px; transform: scaleX(0.975507);"> any way to the accident. Finally, the “fellow </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01905);">servant” rule, which laid responsibility for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 274.013px; transform: scaleX(0.959291);"> industrial accidents at the feet of the victim’s </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 292.346px; transform: scaleX(0.939956);">fellow workers, effectively protected employ</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(0.969291);">ers from responsibility. Together, these three</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 329.013px; transform: scaleX(0.935319);">19th-century concepts effectively shielded the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 347.346px; transform: scaleX(0.990779);">employer from responsibility for injuries or </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50px; top: 365.68px; transform: scaleX(0.917337);">deaths on the job.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 152.508px; top: 362.405px; transform: scaleX(0.910676);">60</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.05312);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(1.05312);">The rise in industrial production, the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 402.345px; transform: scaleX(0.992268);"> seeming helplessness of individual workers </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(0.984466);">employed in mass-production factories, and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.942916);"> the control that managers obviously sought to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 457.345px; transform: scaleX(1.08068);"> assert over a large immigrant work force </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.938841);">allowed for a movement that forced society at</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(0.935013);"> large and government officials to respond. All </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 512.346px; transform: scaleX(1.04254);">this effort led to the passage of one of the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 530.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968363);">most enduring legislative programs aimed at</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(0.990787);"> addressing human welfare. State after state,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 567.346px; transform: scaleX(1.04899);">between 1910 and 1920, passed worker’s </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 585.679px; transform: scaleX(0.95478);">compensation laws that guaranteed monetary</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 604.013px; transform: scaleX(0.940209);"> compensation for industrial accidents through</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 622.346px; transform: scaleX(0.940465);"> a no-fault system of mandatory insurance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 640.68px; transform: scaleX(1.00282);">Ironically, this answer to the problems</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 659.013px; transform: scaleX(1.02744);"> posed by accidents and deaths in the early</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 677.346px; transform: scaleX(1.07126);"> years of this century may have served to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 695.68px; transform: scaleX(0.969638);"> diminish attention to the ongoing deaths and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 714.013px; transform: scaleX(1.01054);"> injuries that continued to plague American</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 732.347px; transform: scaleX(1.06235);"> industry throughout the 20th century. By </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 750.68px; transform: scaleX(0.996963);">identifying death and disability with mone</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 769.013px; transform: scaleX(0.953412);">tary compensation and by moving contention </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 787.347px; transform: scaleX(0.984088);">over deaths from the courts to expert panels </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 805.68px; transform: scaleX(0.943527);">and administrative boards, [the rhetorical lan</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 824.014px; transform: scaleX(0.953473);">guage of industrial deaths] virtually vanished </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 842.347px; transform: scaleX(0.987358);">from popular discourse, to appear only spo</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 860.681px; transform: scaleX(1.09099);">radically during particularly outrageous </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 879.014px; transform: scaleX(0.993656);">moments in the coming decades. No longer </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 897.347px; transform: scaleX(0.985419);">did the popular press refer to such deaths as </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 915.681px; transform: scaleX(1.06981);">homicides—now they were presented as</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 934.014px; transform: scaleX(0.938806);"> accidental events, for which there was no cor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 952.348px; transform: scaleX(1.02429);">porate criminal liability and which merely</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 970.681px; transform: scaleX(0.952855);"> required compensation.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 989.014px; transform: scaleX(1.03648);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 80px; top: 989.014px; transform: scaleX(1.03648);">Another effect of the development of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.08327);"> workers’ compensation as the means by</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.957532);"> which we as a culture addressed death on th e</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.940145);">job was to remove the issue of accidents from </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(0.949433);">the courts and therefore from public view. As </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(1.06952);">is well known, the compensation system</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(1.0536);"> makes it difficult, if not impossible, for a </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(0.932777);">worker or a worker’s family to bring an injury</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.938727);"> claim to court, even when the injury results in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1154.02px; transform: scaleX(1.00193);"> the worker’s death. When the statutes were </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.966619);">written and passed during the second decade</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.925171);"> of the 20th century, the states mandated that in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 50.0006px; top: 1209.02px; transform: scaleX(0.978104);"> exchange for relatively fast and uncontested </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 72.3483px; transform: scaleX(0.938926);">compensation for workplace injuries, workers </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 90.6818px; transform: scaleX(0.957438);">would give up their right to sue employers in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 109.015px; transform: scaleX(0.93292);"> court. The workers’ compensation system fur</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 127.349px; transform: scaleX(1.02253);">ther undermined popular understanding of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 145.682px; transform: scaleX(1.08269);"> workplace injuries as a responsibility of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 164.015px; transform: scaleX(0.966882);">employers by establishing a no-fault system,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 182.349px; transform: scaleX(1.00023);">in which culpability for an accident was no</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 200.682px; transform: scaleX(1.05244);"> longer an issue. In part, this system freed </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 219.016px; transform: scaleX(0.94595);">workers from having to prove in court that an </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 237.349px; transform: scaleX(0.941193);">employer’s negligence in safeguarding equip</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 255.683px; transform: scaleX(0.947356);">ment or providing proper warnings had led to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 274.016px; transform: scaleX(0.99598);"> an event. In large measure, however, it also </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 292.349px; transform: scaleX(0.938808);">served to make culpability an irrelevant issue.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 310.683px; transform: scaleX(0.936136);">State or privately administered workers’ com</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 329.016px; transform: scaleX(1.01229);">pensation boards and insurance companies </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 347.35px; transform: scaleX(0.980586);">had no reason to assign blame, other than to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 365.683px; transform: scaleX(0.969945);"> adjust premiums according to the dangers of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 384.016px; transform: scaleX(0.971554);">the job. No longer were juries of one’s peers </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 402.35px; transform: scaleX(0.935873);">forced to determine responsibility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 402.35px; transform: scaleX(0.935873);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 420.683px; transform: scaleX(1.0271);">Despite these drawbacks, the reforms </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 439.017px; transform: scaleX(1.03103);">led to significant reductions in job-related </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 457.35px; transform: scaleX(0.991806);">fatalities. But work continued to be danger</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 475.684px; transform: scaleX(1.04159);">ous and deaths continued to be a frequent </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 494.017px; transform: scaleX(0.9943);">occurrence. The tetraethyl lead controversy</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 512.35px; transform: scaleX(1.01199);">in the 1920s, when workers in DuPont and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 530.684px; transform: scaleX(1.0225);"> Standard Oil facilities in New Jersey were </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 549.017px; transform: scaleX(0.988833);">poisoned and died, made national headlines </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 567.351px; transform: scaleX(0.976148);">and raised again the question of responsibil</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 585.684px; transform: scaleX(0.928065);">ity.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 371.553px; top: 582.405px; transform: scaleX(0.949138);">61</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.83px; top: 585.678px; transform: scaleX(0.949201);">Throughout the 1930s, deaths on the job</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(1.00231);"> were, if not an everyday experience, some-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 622.345px; transform: scaleX(0.959413);">thing that seemed commonplace to industrial </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 640.679px; transform: scaleX(0.97967);">workers. Disease began to replace accidents </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.968523);">as a focus for labor and reform activists, and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 677.345px; transform: scaleX(1.09104);"> there were widespread references in the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(0.965748);">labor, political, and ethnic press to the “mur</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(1.12956);">der” of workers on the job. During the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 732.346px; transform: scaleX(1.06402);">Depression, slavery became a prominent </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(1.07812);">metaphor, supplementing the rhetoric of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 769.013px; transform: scaleX(0.960383);">murder.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 400.197px; top: 765.738px; transform: scaleX(0.942639);">62,63</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 425.682px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(0.962636);">Workers, tethered to terrible jobs </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 787.345px; transform: scaleX(1.01367);">by the ever-present fear of unemployment,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 805.679px; transform: scaleX(0.962271);">were forced to work under unbelievably hor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 824.012px; transform: scaleX(0.94209);">rible conditions. The health and well-being of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.333px; top: 842.345px; transform: scaleX(0.951002);">entire communities were destroyed.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 353.333px; top: 894.793px; transform: scaleX(1.02404);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 353.333px; top: 894.793px; transform: scaleX(1.02404);">Silicosis and the Redefinition of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 353.333px; top: 914.793px; transform: scaleX(1.00337);">Responsibility for Risk</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 952.345px; transform: scaleX(0.996077);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 383.333px; top: 952.345px; transform: scaleX(0.996077);">The silicosis crises of the 1930s, when</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 970.678px; transform: scaleX(1.01543);"> it was estimated that thousands of workers </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 989.012px; transform: scaleX(0.980914);">were dying slowly and painfully from a dis</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.07303);">ease that was caused by industrial negli</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(1.04549);">gence, produced headlines in newspapers </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(1.01021);">and spurred the publication of a number of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.0433);"> books and hundreds of articles in popular </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(1.12947);">and professional journals. Once again,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.942118);"> industry’s role in workers’ deaths was seen as</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(1.04353);"> criminal negligence at best and murder at </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.947411);">worst.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 390.409px; top: 1132.41px; transform: scaleX(0.956951);">64</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 404.569px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.976812);">But even then, as public health offi</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(1.05104);">cials, government agencies, and congres</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.976117);">sional hearings identified silicosis as a well-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.990805);">known and completely preventable disease,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 353.334px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.0587);">workers’ compensation and other factors </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 72.3449px; transform: scaleX(0.973225);">combined to undercut employer responsibil</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 90.6783px; transform: scaleX(0.958122);">ity as an issue.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 109.012px; transform: scaleX(0.992479);">Silicosis, a chronic disease with a long</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 127.345px; transform: scaleX(0.942773);"> latency period, was perhaps the first such dis-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 145.679px; transform: scaleX(1.01901);">ease to be incorporated into state workers’</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 164.012px; transform: scaleX(1.06028);">compensation schedules after 1935. This </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 182.345px; transform: scaleX(0.95618);">proved to be an important factor in removing</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 200.679px; transform: scaleX(0.918824);"> silicosis from public attention in the 1940s and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(0.910481);">1950s. In New York State, for example, the bill</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 237.346px; transform: scaleX(1.00041);"> provided for a maximum of $3000 for total </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(0.917552);">disability for silicosis and no compensation for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.668px; top: 274.013px; transform: scaleX(0.978871);"> partial disability.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 760.709px; top: 270.738px; transform: scaleX(0.973578);">65</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 775.171px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(0.9823);">Between 1936—the year</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 292.345px; transform: scaleX(0.963812);"> compensation for silicosis became law—and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03668);"> 1940, only 79 workers were compensated</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01163);"> for silicosis, receiving a total of $99 594.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 919.64px; top: 325.738px; transform: scaleX(1.01645);">66</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 347.345px; transform: scaleX(0.966893);">Because the disease was addressed by work</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 365.678px; transform: scaleX(0.912211);">ers’ compensation plans, workers with silicosis</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 384.012px; transform: scaleX(0.979035);">were effectively denied access to the courts.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 402.345px; transform: scaleX(0.93408);">Industry took other actions as well to limit the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 420.679px; transform: scaleX(0.912026);"> visibility of silicosis, and by the 1940s, the dis</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 439.012px; transform: scaleX(0.936417);">ease began to fade from public view. The pro</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 457.346px; transform: scaleX(0.977654);">fessional and business communities, despite</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 475.679px; transform: scaleX(0.968545);"> continuing documentation of cases, declared</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 494.012px; transform: scaleX(0.979186);"> silicosis a disease of the past, whose current</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 512.346px; transform: scaleX(0.97788);"> victims were a legacy of the unhygienic and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 530.679px; transform: scaleX(0.951745);"> primitive working conditions of a bygone era</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 549.013px; transform: scaleX(0.931471);"> and certainly not the responsibility of contem</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 567.346px; transform: scaleX(0.952451);">porary owners.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 747.114px; top: 564.072px; transform: scaleX(0.932712);">64 </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 760.367px; top: 567.345px; transform: scaleX(0.949742);">Today, silicosis continues to </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.666px; top: 585.678px; transform: scaleX(0.939915);">destroy the lungs of workers and to attract the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.666px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(0.924823);"> attention of some federal officials.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 857.716px; top: 600.738px; transform: scaleX(0.910676);">67</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 857.716px; top: 600.738px; transform: scaleX(0.910676);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 656.667px; top: 656.46px; transform: scaleX(1.03338);">The Continuing Menace of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 656.667px; top: 676.46px; transform: scaleX(1.0183);">Accidents and Disease</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(0.94058);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 686.667px; top: 714.012px; transform: scaleX(0.94058);">In 1970, the passage of the Occupational</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 732.345px; transform: scaleX(1.01584);">Safety and Health Act—which established </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(1.02238);">OSHA and the National Institute of Occu</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(0.953067);">pati</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 679.306px; top: 769.012px; transform: scaleX(1.01819);">onal Safety and Health (NIOSH)—and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 787.345px; transform: scaleX(1.00058);"> the Mine Health and Safety Act once again </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 805.679px; transform: scaleX(1.02605);">reminded Americans of the dangers of the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 824.012px; transform: scaleX(0.946142);"> workplace and of corporations’ responsibility</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 842.346px; transform: scaleX(0.94567);">for these dangers. But despite the real decline</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 860.679px; transform: scaleX(0.950209);"> in job-related fatalities brought on by OSHA,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 879.012px; transform: scaleX(0.997656);">workers’ compensation, factory inspection,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 897.346px; transform: scaleX(0.91224);">and the like, there is a continuing “death roll of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 915.679px; transform: scaleX(0.936217);">industry.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics esti</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 934.013px; transform: scaleX(0.925835);">mated that 6210 of the United States’ 126 mil</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 952.346px; transform: scaleX(1.01204);">lion workers lost their lives in 1995. In all,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 970.68px; transform: scaleX(0.923382);">there were 5 fatalities for every 100 000 work</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 989.013px; transform: scaleX(1.06852);">ers.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 680.624px; top: 985.738px; transform: scaleX(1.0857);">68(p61)</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 720.377px; top: 989.012px; transform: scaleX(1.06113);">Mining, construction, chemical </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.00219);">works, and other dangerous industries con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.954574);">tinue to injure and kill hundreds of workers a </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.91957);">year. On any given day, 1 worker in the United</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(1.03469);"> States is killed, mangled by a machine, or</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(0.929414);"> crushed in a cave-in or grain bin. Further, on a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.91957);"> typical day, 1 worker is killed by falling cinder</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(0.918856);">blocks at a construction site and 2 others die in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(0.975805);">falls from construction scaffolds, ladders, or</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.943577);"> roofs.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 691.094px; top: 1150.74px; transform: scaleX(0.928443);">68(p62)</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 725.742px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.959966);">In 1997, “fatalities resulting from </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.666px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.948756);">workers being caught in machinery reached a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.666px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.964443);">6-year high.”</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 737.237px; top: 1187.41px; transform: scaleX(0.965788);">69,70</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 763.542px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(0.989572);">While it should be pointed </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 656.667px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(1.01714);">out that trucking accidents and the like are </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 780.849px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00695);">April 2000, Vol. 90, No. 4</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 50.0003px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(0.9998);">538</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 85.4141px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00709);">American Journal of Public Health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 50.3332px; top: 28.3301px; transform: scaleX(1.11523);"> Health Policy and Ethics Forum</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 72.345px; transform: scaleX(0.935325);"> quite different from the industrial accidents of </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 90.6784px; transform: scaleX(0.91087);">the past, the shifting nature of the economy has </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 109.012px; transform: scaleX(0.953934);">created new, often undocumented, hazards as </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 127.345px; transform: scaleX(0.950292);">service jobs and home work replace manufac</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60px; top: 145.679px; transform: scaleX(0.924691);">turing and factory work.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 10.2833px; left: 202.307px; top: 142.405px; transform: scaleX(0.891525);">8,9,71,72</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 164.012px; transform: scaleX(0.960583);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 164.012px; transform: scaleX(0.960583);">The historic trade-off, in which workers</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 182.345px; transform: scaleX(0.893273);"> give up their right to sue employers in exchange</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 200.679px; transform: scaleX(0.931534);">for relatively swift no-fault compensation, has </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 219.012px; transform: scaleX(0.911735);">been supported by labor and management alike</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 237.345px; transform: scaleX(0.898478);">for many decades. But this mutual agreement to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 255.679px; transform: scaleX(0.992178);"> exchange money for justice has a downside</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 274.012px; transform: scaleX(0.980886);">that is slowly becoming more evident as the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 292.346px; transform: scaleX(0.947164);">most egregious acts of corporate malfeasance </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 310.679px; transform: scaleX(1.04718);">go unpunished because of laws that often </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 329.012px; transform: scaleX(0.954968);">obscure rather than illuminate injustices. The </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 347.346px; transform: scaleX(1.01911);">destruction of even a semblance of federal</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 365.679px; transform: scaleX(0.991884);"> oversight of the workplace has left an enor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 384.013px; transform: scaleX(0.914055);">mous vacuum that may be filled, justifiably, by</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 402.346px; transform: scaleX(0.91706);">state district attorneys.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 60px; top: 454.793px; transform: scaleX(1.01155);">District Attorneys or Public</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 60px; top: 474.793px; transform: scaleX(1.00214);">Health Advocacy?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 512.345px; transform: scaleX(0.952968);">If the recent reawakening of concern for </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 530.678px; transform: scaleX(1.00727);">workers’ deaths is real and the activities of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 549.012px; transform: scaleX(1.08255);"> the district attorneys increase in coming </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 567.345px; transform: scaleX(1.0276);">years, we must ask some interesting ques</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 585.679px; transform: scaleX(1.03093);">tions. First, we must ask why the criminal</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 604.012px; transform: scaleX(0.982506);"> code is being employed to address workers’</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 622.346px; transform: scaleX(0.946148);">deaths in the absence of a major social move-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 640.679px; transform: scaleX(0.974705);">ment. In previous eras, state reform and leg</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.965338);">islative activities </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 167.02px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.921222);">followed</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 223.504px; top: 659.012px; transform: scaleX(0.981086);"> popular and labor</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 677.346px; transform: scaleX(0.953445);"> agitation; they did not precede it. Second, we</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 695.679px; transform: scaleX(0.972969);"> must ask why activity is occurring primarily</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 714.013px; transform: scaleX(1.03101);">at the state level, rather than at the federal </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 732.346px; transform: scaleX(0.987421);">level, where OSHA and NIOSH have claim</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 750.679px; transform: scaleX(0.972792);"> to the issue. It is perhaps ironic that the con</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 769.013px; transform: scaleX(0.990948);">servative attempts to restrict federal regula</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 787.346px; transform: scaleX(0.940375);">tory activities and to move control to the state </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 805.68px; transform: scaleX(1.04533);">level have resulted in a broadening of the </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 824.013px; transform: scaleX(0.992465);">mechanisms for addressing workers’ death:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 842.347px; transform: scaleX(1.05102);">what was, at the federal level, an area for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 860.68px; transform: scaleX(0.956373);"> public health regulation becomes, at the state </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 879.013px; transform: scaleX(1.042);">and local level, an arena for prosecutorial </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 897.347px; transform: scaleX(1.0488);">action. It is a further irony that the public</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 915.68px; transform: scaleX(1.01564);"> health community’s inability or unwilling</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 934.014px; transform: scaleX(0.960309);">ness to effectively confront this issue is forc</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 952.347px; transform: scaleX(0.948098);">ing prosecutors to take up the challenge.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 970.68px; transform: scaleX(0.994179);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 90px; top: 970.68px; transform: scaleX(0.994179);">We may ask whether there is a parallel</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 989.014px; transform: scaleX(0.977848);"> between the conditions of 19th-century lais-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1007.35px; transform: scaleX(1.02586);">sez-faire capitalism that led to the popular </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1025.68px; transform: scaleX(0.970171);">movements promoting workplace safety and </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1044.01px; transform: scaleX(0.962587);">the Reagan years’ move toward deregulation</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1062.35px; transform: scaleX(0.95644);">and fewer restraints on industry that have led</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1080.68px; transform: scaleX(1.05612);"> state and local prosecutors to criminalize </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1099.01px; transform: scaleX(0.991442);">some workplace accidents. Finally, we may</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1117.35px; transform: scaleX(1.02238);"> ask whether the personalized nature of the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1135.68px; transform: scaleX(1.00517);"> current prosecutions will lead to success in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1154.01px; transform: scaleX(0.971179);">limiting the number of deaths on the job. By </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1172.35px; transform: scaleX(0.962041);">asking such questions and looking at the his</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1190.68px; transform: scaleX(1.01656);">tory of this issue, we may be able to deter</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 60.0006px; top: 1209.01px; transform: scaleX(0.98883);">mine when and under what circumstances a</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 72.3478px; transform: scaleX(1.00321);"> worker’s death stops being an accident and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 15.8333px; left: 363.334px; top: 90.6812px; transform: scaleX(0.95581);"> becomes murder.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 363.333px; top: 136.46px; transform: scaleX(1.03961);"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 363.333px; top: 136.46px; transform: scaleX(1.03961);">Acknowledgment</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 161.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00991);"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 161.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00991);">This commentary was presented at the History and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 177.413px; transform: scaleX(0.993041);">Public Health Ethics conference, Columbia Univer-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 193.247px; transform: scaleX(0.963095);">sity, New York, NY, February 23, 1999.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 193.247px; transform: scaleX(0.963095);"> </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 20px; left: 363.333px; top: 237.293px; transform: scaleX(1.07484);">Endnotes</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 262.38px; transform: scaleX(1.01027);">1. Criminal onus on executives. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 548.965px; top: 262.38px; transform: scaleX(0.932001);">New York Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 278.18px; transform: scaleX(0.977598);">March 5, 1985:D2.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 293.98px; transform: scaleX(1.0273);">2. Board rooms put on notice over job safety by</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 309.78px; transform: scaleX(1.11367);">convictions of film-laboratory executives.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 325.58px; transform: scaleX(0.976063);">Christian Science Monitor.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 531.376px; top: 325.58px; transform: scaleX(0.971251);">July 1, 1985:19.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 341.38px; transform: scaleX(0.982839);">3. Three guilty in industrial cyanide deaths. Asso-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 357.18px; transform: scaleX(0.988617);">ciated Press. September 10, 1993. Available at:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 372.98px; transform: scaleX(0.969883);">http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 388.78px; transform: scaleX(0.976232);">4. Koprowicz K. Note: corporate criminal liability</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 404.58px; transform: scaleX(1.11362);">for workplace hazards: a viable option for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 420.38px; transform: scaleX(1.09031);">enforcing workplace safety? </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 556.587px; top: 420.38px; transform: scaleX(1.04096);">Brooklyn Law</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 436.18px; transform: scaleX(0.918519);">Review.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 432.047px; top: 436.18px; transform: scaleX(0.980944);">Fall 1986;52. Available at: http://www.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 451.98px; transform: scaleX(0.969104);">lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 467.78px; transform: scaleX(1.01858);">5. Samuels AD. Note: reckless endangerment of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 483.58px; transform: scaleX(1.04573);">an employee: a proposal in the wake of Film</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 499.38px; transform: scaleX(0.971479);">Recovery Systems to make the boss responsible</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 515.18px; transform: scaleX(1.01236);">for his crimes. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 469.249px; top: 515.18px; transform: scaleX(0.997746);">University of Michigan Journal</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 530.98px; transform: scaleX(1.02365);">of Law.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 433.927px; top: 530.98px; transform: scaleX(1.05827);">Spring 1987;20. Available at: http://</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 546.78px; transform: scaleX(0.96958);">www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 562.58px; transform: scaleX(0.99542);">6. Comment: state prosecutions for safety-related</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 578.38px; transform: scaleX(1.04958);">crimes in the workplace: can D.A.’s succeed</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 594.18px; transform: scaleX(1.07832);">where OSHA fails? </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 504.501px; top: 594.18px; transform: scaleX(1.0627);">Kentucky Law Journal.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 609.98px; transform: scaleX(1.12313);">Available at: http://www.lexis-nexis.com/</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 625.78px; transform: scaleX(0.980956);">universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 641.58px; transform: scaleX(1.0516);">7. Darden D, Greenberg R, Merritt S. Employ-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 657.38px; transform: scaleX(1.02659);">ment-related crimes. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 504.18px; top: 657.38px; transform: scaleX(1.01732);">American Criminal Law</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 673.18px; transform: scaleX(0.981605);">Review.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 434.772px; top: 673.18px; transform: scaleX(1.05338);">Spring 1998;35. Available at: http://</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 688.98px; transform: scaleX(0.96958);">www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 704.78px; transform: scaleX(0.9679);">8. Wells C. Corporate manslaughter: a cultural and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 720.58px; transform: scaleX(0.99301);">legal form. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 449.685px; top: 720.58px; transform: scaleX(0.980177);">Criminal Law Forum.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 567.58px; top: 720.58px; transform: scaleX(0.982119);">Winter 1995;</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 736.38px; transform: scaleX(1.01205);">6:45–72. Available at: http://www.lexis-nexis.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 752.18px; transform: scaleX(0.970204);">com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 371.667px; top: 767.98px; transform: scaleX(1.00534);">9. Broussard J. Note: the criminal corporation: is</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 783.78px; transform: scaleX(1.00898);">Ohio prepared for corporate criminal prosecu-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 799.58px; transform: scaleX(1.01197);">tions for workplace fatalities? </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 552.356px; top: 799.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00303);">Cleveland State</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 815.38px; transform: scaleX(0.974827);">Law Review.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 460.437px; top: 815.38px; transform: scaleX(1.01593);">Winter 1997;45:135–164. Avail-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 831.18px; transform: scaleX(0.969162);">able at: http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 846.98px; transform: scaleX(1.10261);">10. 2 Start prison terms for ’83 cyanide death.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 862.78px; transform: scaleX(0.959059);">Chicago Sun-Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 496.205px; top: 862.78px; transform: scaleX(0.975099);">January 4, 1994:1B.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 878.58px; transform: scaleX(1.08174);">11. 3 Found guilty in workers’ deaths. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 590.281px; top: 878.58px; transform: scaleX(1.07182);">Phoenix</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 894.38px; transform: scaleX(0.971809);">Gazette.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 434.324px; top: 894.38px; transform: scaleX(0.977466);">September 10, 1993:B10.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 910.18px; transform: scaleX(1.12355);">12. Worker injury trial could have significant</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 925.98px; transform: scaleX(0.991186);">impact on corporate America. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 549.367px; top: 925.98px; transform: scaleX(0.997573);">Journal of Com-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 941.78px; transform: scaleX(0.958811);">merce.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 425.943px; top: 941.78px; transform: scaleX(0.975776);">February 28, 1991:9A.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 957.58px; transform: scaleX(1.04678);">13. In 1983, there were 27.6 deaths per 100,000</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 973.38px; transform: scaleX(0.987252);">workers in mining and 26.2 deaths per 100 000</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 989.18px; transform: scaleX(0.972972);">workers in construction. See note 2.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 1004.98px; transform: scaleX(1.00015);">14. Charges filed in fuel tank accident. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 579.66px; top: 1004.98px; transform: scaleX(0.959865);">Cal-OSHA</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 1020.78px; transform: scaleX(0.981205);">Reporter.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 440.677px; top: 1020.78px; transform: scaleX(0.988387);">September 22, 1997;24. Available at:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 1036.58px; transform: scaleX(0.969883);">http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.333px; top: 1052.38px; transform: scaleX(0.996958);">15. Placentia firm officials admit guilt in worker’s</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.333px; top: 1068.18px; transform: scaleX(0.921313);">death. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 421.073px; top: 1068.18px; transform: scaleX(0.881627);">Los Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 517.929px; top: 1068.18px; transform: scaleX(0.931659);">September 3, 1992:B4.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.332px; top: 1083.98px; transform: scaleX(1.0309);">16. Deaths spur indictments. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 530.495px; top: 1083.98px; transform: scaleX(1.0299);">Engineering News-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.332px; top: 1099.78px; transform: scaleX(0.965928);">Record.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 431.852px; top: 1099.78px; transform: scaleX(0.961453);">July 30, 1987. Available at: http://www.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.332px; top: 1115.58px; transform: scaleX(0.969104);">lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.332px; top: 1131.38px; transform: scaleX(1.01543);">17. Criminal charges collapse. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 537.505px; top: 1131.38px; transform: scaleX(1.01184);">Engineering New-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.332px; top: 1147.18px; transform: scaleX(0.965928);">Record.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 431.94px; top: 1147.18px; transform: scaleX(0.975226);">February 18, 1991:10.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.332px; top: 1162.98px; transform: scaleX(1.07016);">18. Curragh charged. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 490.657px; top: 1162.98px; transform: scaleX(1.0754);">Mining Journal.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 585.544px; top: 1162.98px; transform: scaleX(1.06864);">April 23,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.331px; top: 1178.78px; transform: scaleX(0.977778);">1993:289.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 363.331px; top: 1194.58px; transform: scaleX(1.06215);">19. Jersey concern indicted in Akron blast. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 612.595px; top: 1194.58px; transform: scaleX(0.967095);">New</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 388.331px; top: 1210.38px; transform: scaleX(0.903827);">York Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 450.075px; top: 1210.38px; transform: scaleX(0.977327);">April 13, 1985:A1–A6.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 74.08px; transform: scaleX(1.07741);">20. 3 Charged in 2 separate job site deaths. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 920.072px; top: 74.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01273);">Los</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 90.08px; transform: scaleX(0.930978);">Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.321px; top: 90.08px; transform: scaleX(0.974028);">July 22, 1987;part 2:3.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 106.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01314);">21. Longshoreman, terminal company indicted in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 122.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02265);">fatal customs accident. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 819.575px; top: 122.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01371);">Journal of Commerce.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 138.08px; transform: scaleX(0.973667);">August 25, 1989:1B.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 154.08px; transform: scaleX(0.947909);">22. Jury clears 2 managers in accidental death of salt</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 170.08px; transform: scaleX(0.91153);">worker. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 731.488px; top: 170.08px; transform: scaleX(0.881627);">Los Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 828.345px; top: 170.08px; transform: scaleX(0.928307);">May 5, 1998:B3.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 186.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00283);">23. TRW pays $1.7 million in plant blast. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 897.981px; top: 186.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977888);">Arizona</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 202.08px; transform: scaleX(0.955777);">Republic.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 744.056px; top: 202.08px; transform: scaleX(0.972012);">November 14, 1995:B1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 218.08px; transform: scaleX(1.09811);">24. All “Twilight Zone” figures acquitted. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 919.716px; top: 218.08px; transform: scaleX(1.03933);">Los</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 234.08px; transform: scaleX(0.930978);">Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.321px; top: 234.08px; transform: scaleX(0.974481);">May 30, 1987;part 1:1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 250.08px; transform: scaleX(1.09009);">25. 3 Charged in construction site cave-in. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 919.825px; top: 250.08px; transform: scaleX(1.03113);">Los</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 266.08px; transform: scaleX(0.930978);">Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.321px; top: 266.08px; transform: scaleX(0.978992);">January 7, 1988;part 2:3.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 282.08px; transform: scaleX(0.99394);">26. Charge filed over death in trench collapse. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 920.997px; top: 282.08px; transform: scaleX(0.943533);">Los</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 298.08px; transform: scaleX(0.930978);">Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.321px; top: 298.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977681);">October 26, 1991;part B:1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 314.08px; transform: scaleX(0.970451);">27. Trial ordered for man in fatal blast. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 877.401px; top: 314.08px; transform: scaleX(0.932047);">Los Angeles</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 330.08px; transform: scaleX(0.937264);">Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 728.779px; top: 330.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97445);">July 10, 1998;part1:1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 346.08px; transform: scaleX(1.0319);">28. D.A. asks help investigating deaths linked to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 362.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01677);">industries. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 751.747px; top: 362.08px; transform: scaleX(0.974368);">Los Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 859.58px; top: 362.08px; transform: scaleX(1.03017);">June 29, 1985;</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 378.08px; transform: scaleX(0.979212);">part 2:1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 394.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01355);">29. D.A. to step up job death probes. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 875.312px; top: 394.08px; transform: scaleX(0.965352);">Los Angeles</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 410.08px; transform: scaleX(0.937264);">Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 728.045px; top: 410.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977546);">August 23, 1985;part 2:1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.664px; top: 426.08px; transform: scaleX(0.98813);">30. Justice Department rules job safety law fails to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.664px; top: 442.08px; transform: scaleX(1.024);">shield employers. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 791.343px; top: 442.08px; transform: scaleX(0.946837);">New York Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 884.457px; top: 442.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01634);">December</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 458.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977391);">15, 1988:A32.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.665px; top: 474.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00749);">31. Meat-plant owner pleads guilty in a blaze that</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 490.08px; transform: scaleX(1.0453);">killed 25 people. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 788.407px; top: 490.08px; transform: scaleX(0.950662);">New York Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 881.883px; top: 490.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02215);">September</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 506.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977391);">15, 1992:A20.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.665px; top: 522.08px; transform: scaleX(0.963956);">32. Chicken plant owner gets jail for fatal blast. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 921.001px; top: 522.08px; transform: scaleX(0.943333);">Los</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 538.08px; transform: scaleX(0.931202);">Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.323px; top: 538.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97781);">September 15, 1992:A16.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.665px; top: 554.08px; transform: scaleX(1.03513);">33. Chicken processors charged in fatal fire. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 920.443px; top: 554.08px; transform: scaleX(0.984933);">Los</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 570.08px; transform: scaleX(0.930978);">Angeles Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.323px; top: 570.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977854);">March 10, 1992:A10.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.665px; top: 586.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97036);">34. K&L Plating’s owner will serve hard time. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 916.697px; top: 586.08px; transform: scaleX(1.0095);">Cal-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 602.08px; transform: scaleX(0.9579);">OSHA Reporter.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 780.379px; top: 602.08px; transform: scaleX(0.973916);">September 28, 1998;25. Avail-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 618.08px; transform: scaleX(0.969162);">able at: http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.665px; top: 634.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02616);">35. Fagan K. Factory that leaked acid was “good</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.665px; top: 650.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00866);">job” for some. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 772.312px; top: 650.08px; transform: scaleX(0.995421);">San Francisco Chronicle.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 910.121px; top: 650.08px; transform: scaleX(0.98056);">Octo-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.667px; top: 666.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97622);">ber 2, 1997:A1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.667px; top: 682.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02112);">36. Why more corporations may be charged with</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.667px; top: 698.08px; transform: scaleX(1.08364);">manslaughter. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 776.145px; top: 698.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02874);">Business Week.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 866.685px; top: 698.08px; transform: scaleX(1.08308);">February 27,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 714.08px; transform: scaleX(0.977463);">1984:62.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 730.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02595);">37. Can a corporation commit murder? </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 889.583px; top: 730.08px; transform: scaleX(0.925948);">New York</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 746.08px; transform: scaleX(0.937264);">Times.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 728.783px; top: 746.08px; transform: scaleX(0.972442);">May 19, 1985:4-2.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 762.08px; transform: scaleX(0.971469);">38. Treating on-the-job injuries as true crimes. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 916.82px; top: 762.08px; transform: scaleX(0.927946);">Wall</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 778.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01357);">Street Journal.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 773.728px; top: 778.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00421);">February 26, 1997. See also: A</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 794.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00869);">special news report about life on the job—and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 810.08px; transform: scaleX(0.980128);">trends taking shape. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 799.065px; top: 810.08px; transform: scaleX(0.980124);">Wall Street Journal.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 905.531px; top: 810.08px; transform: scaleX(0.966417);">Febru-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 826.08px; transform: scaleX(0.978999);">ary 2, 1997:B1.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 842.08px; transform: scaleX(0.976088);">39. OSHA has the statutory right to push for prose-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 858.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00405);">cutions of negligent employers but rarely does</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 874.08px; transform: scaleX(0.974112);">so. See note 9.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 890.08px; transform: scaleX(0.962824);">40. Tomlins C. A mysterious power: industrial acci-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 906.08px; transform: scaleX(0.980344);">dents and the legal construction of employment</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 922.08px; transform: scaleX(1.05444);">relations in Massachusetts, 1800–1850. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 916.529px; top: 922.08px; transform: scaleX(1.0009);">Law</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 938.08px; transform: scaleX(0.958472);">and History Review.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 799.439px; top: 938.08px; transform: scaleX(0.969814);">Fall 1988;6:375–438.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 954.08px; transform: scaleX(1.07759);">41. Tomlins C. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 759.051px; top: 954.08px; transform: scaleX(1.07988);">Law, Labor and Ideology in the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 970.08px; transform: scaleX(1.05696);">Early Republic.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 784.131px; top: 970.08px; transform: scaleX(1.06289);">Cambridge, England: Cam-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 986.08px; transform: scaleX(0.972219);">bridge University Press; 1993.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1002.08px; transform: scaleX(0.953535);">42. Reeves AB. The death roll of industry. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 891.439px; top: 1002.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00647);">Charities</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1018.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97132);">and the Commons.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 789.155px; top: 1018.08px; transform: scaleX(0.978015);">1907;17:791–794.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1034.08px; transform: scaleX(1.10285);">43. Slaughter by accident [editorial].</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 889.888px; top: 1034.08px; transform: scaleX(1.07702);">Outlook.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1050.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97646);">October 8, 1904;78:359.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1066.08px; transform: scaleX(1.00217);">44. Hard W. Making steel and killing men. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 904.739px; top: 1066.08px; transform: scaleX(0.970956);">Every-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1082.08px; transform: scaleX(0.931162);">body’s.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 731.077px; top: 1082.08px; transform: scaleX(0.973682);">November 1904;17:579–592.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1098.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01028);">45. Fitch J. The human side of large outputs. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 917.019px; top: 1098.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01361);">Sur-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1114.08px; transform: scaleX(0.906523);">vey.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 714.56px; top: 1114.08px; transform: scaleX(0.979036);">November 4, 1911;27:1149.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1130.08px; transform: scaleX(0.959197);">46. The price, in blood, for industrial progress. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 915.219px; top: 1130.08px; transform: scaleX(1.01992);">Cur-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1146.08px; transform: scaleX(0.979687);">rent Literature.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 773.163px; top: 1146.08px; transform: scaleX(0.98212);">December 1911;51:629.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1162.08px; transform: scaleX(0.987128);">47. Eastman C. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 756.964px; top: 1162.08px; transform: scaleX(0.972635);">Work-Accidents and the Law.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 915.364px; top: 1162.08px; transform: scaleX(0.974136);">New</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1178.08px; transform: scaleX(0.970114);">York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 1910.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.668px; top: 1194.08px; transform: scaleX(0.981166);">48. Sinclair U. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 752.768px; top: 1194.08px; transform: scaleX(0.999117);">The Jungle</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 815.613px; top: 1194.08px; transform: scaleX(0.994747);">(1906)</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 850.959px; top: 1194.08px;">.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 858.293px; top: 1194.08px; transform: scaleX(0.946299);">New York, NY:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 691.668px; top: 1210.08px; transform: scaleX(0.972805);">New American Library; 1990.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 705.701px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00709);">American Journal of Public Health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 918.754px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(0.9998);">539</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 60.0003px; top: 1261.18px; transform: scaleX(1.00695);">April 2000, Vol. 90, No. 4</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 14.1667px; left: 737.555px; top: 28.3301px; transform: scaleX(1.11523);">Health Policy and Ethics Forum</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 74.08px; transform: scaleX(0.976049);">49. Hamilton A. Lead Poisoning in Illinois, Ameri-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 89.9133px; transform: scaleX(1.06287);">can Association for Labor Legislation, </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 296.899px; top: 89.9133px; transform: scaleX(1.0699);">First</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 105.747px; transform: scaleX(1.07319);">National Conference on Industrial Diseases</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 121.58px; transform: scaleX(1.01164);">(proceedings), held in Chicago, June 10, 1910</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 137.413px; transform: scaleX(0.934977);">(New York: AALL, 1910).</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 153.247px; transform: scaleX(1.00104);">50. Hamilton A. Industrial Diseases, With Special</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 169.08px; transform: scaleX(1.02828);">Reference to the Trade in Which Women Are</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 184.913px; transform: scaleX(0.965638);">Employed , </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 138.199px; top: 184.913px; transform: scaleX(1.03059);">Charities and the Commons,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 298.671px; top: 184.913px; transform: scaleX(1.0125);">Sep-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 200.747px; transform: scaleX(0.977803);">tember 1908;20:655–658.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 216.58px; transform: scaleX(0.97576);">51.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 216.58px; transform: scaleX(1.14436);">International Harvester Company and Its</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 232.413px; transform: scaleX(0.997299);">Employees</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 138.109px; top: 232.413px; transform: scaleX(1.04587);">[pamphlet]. Chicago, Ill: Interna-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 248.247px; transform: scaleX(0.975396);">tional Harvester Company; 1912:3–4. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 264.08px; transform: scaleX(1.06192);">52. Harrington TF. Prevention of disease versus</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(1.00227);">cost of living. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 152.176px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(0.964715);">Scientific American Supplement.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 295.747px; transform: scaleX(0.977176);">June 28, 1913;75:402–403.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 311.58px; transform: scaleX(1.06054);">53. Reeves A. Our industrial juggernaut. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 286.359px; top: 311.58px; transform: scaleX(1.02765);">Every-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 327.413px; transform: scaleX(0.931162);">body’s.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 114.409px; top: 327.413px; transform: scaleX(0.97602);">February 1907;16:149.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 343.247px; transform: scaleX(1.02584);">54. Pierce P. Industrial diseases. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 235.307px; top: 343.247px; transform: scaleX(1.01367);">North American</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 359.08px; transform: scaleX(0.91463);">Review.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 117.713px; top: 359.08px; transform: scaleX(0.981315);">October 1911;194:530.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 374.913px; transform: scaleX(0.961276);">55. McEvoy A. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 390.747px; transform: scaleX(0.970854);">of 1911: social change, industrial accidents, and</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 406.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00559);">the evolution of common-sense causality. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 300.443px; top: 406.58px; transform: scaleX(0.964276);">Law</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 422.413px; transform: scaleX(0.983804);">and Social Inquiry.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 177.507px; top: 422.413px; transform: scaleX(0.977444);">Spring 1995;20:621–630.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 438.247px; transform: scaleX(1.03922);">56. Business and manslaughter [editorial]. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 294.287px; top: 438.247px; transform: scaleX(1.04114);">Inde-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 454.08px; transform: scaleX(0.976633);">pendent.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 122.675px; top: 454.08px; transform: scaleX(0.974421);">May 2, 1919;72:964–965.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 469.913px; transform: scaleX(0.968511);">57. Stein L. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 119.949px; top: 469.913px; transform: scaleX(0.972826);">The Triangle Fire.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 217.703px; top: 469.913px; transform: scaleX(0.979069);">Philadelphia, Pa: JB</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 485.747px; transform: scaleX(0.974453);">Lippincott; 1962:159 ff.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 50px; top: 501.58px; transform: scaleX(1.11513);">58. Investigations have disclosed the fact that</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 75px; top: 517.413px; transform: scaleX(0.987323);">unhealthy and poisonous bread is made in non-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 74.08px; transform: scaleX(0.97877);">union bake shops.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 474.799px; top: 74.08px; transform: scaleX(0.968134);">Woman’s Label League Jour-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 89.9133px; transform: scaleX(1.01111);">nal.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 401.372px; top: 89.9133px; transform: scaleX(0.975992);">June 13, 1913:13.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 105.747px; transform: scaleX(1.01451);">59. Kellogg PU. The industrial platform of a new</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 121.58px; transform: scaleX(0.972094);">party. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 410.591px; top: 121.58px; transform: scaleX(0.939751);">Survey.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 450.869px; top: 121.58px; transform: scaleX(0.976764);">August 24, 1912;28:668.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 137.413px; transform: scaleX(1.05457);">60. Bale A. America’s first compensation crisis:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 153.247px; transform: scaleX(1.03105);">conflict over the value and meaning of work-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 169.08px; transform: scaleX(0.963587);">place injuries under the employers’ liability sys-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 184.913px; transform: scaleX(0.968141);">tem. In: Rosner D, Markowitz G, eds. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 576.547px; top: 184.913px; transform: scaleX(0.957573);">Dying for</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 200.747px; transform: scaleX(0.975452);">Work: Workers’ Safety and Health in Twentieth</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 216.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00441);">Century America.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 478.291px; top: 216.58px; transform: scaleX(1.02288);">Bloomington: Indiana Uni-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 232.413px; transform: scaleX(0.974292);">versity Press; 1987:34–52.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 248.247px; transform: scaleX(1.00571);">61. Rosner D, Markowitz G. A “gift of God”? the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 264.08px; transform: scaleX(0.999831);">public health controversy over leaded gasoline</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(0.973227);">during the 1920s. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 472.013px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(0.971777);">Am J Public Health.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 580.191px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(0.977778);">1985;75:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 295.747px; transform: scaleX(0.978667);">344–352.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 311.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00179);">62. Rosner D, Markowitz G, eds. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 540.293px; top: 311.58px; transform: scaleX(0.975741);">Dying for Work:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 327.413px; transform: scaleX(1.00376);">Workers’ Safety and Health in Twentieth Cen-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 343.247px; transform: scaleX(0.96254);">tury America.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 453.248px; top: 343.247px; transform: scaleX(0.979167);">Bloomington: Indiana University</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 359.08px; transform: scaleX(0.975509);">Press; 1987.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 374.913px; transform: scaleX(1.03862);">63. Markowitz G, Rosner D, eds. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 547.168px; top: 374.913px; transform: scaleX(1.06739);">“Slaves of the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 390.747px; transform: scaleX(0.950778);">Depression”: Workers’ Letters About Life on the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 406.58px; transform: scaleX(0.942182);">Job.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 402.388px; top: 406.58px; transform: scaleX(0.962003);">Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1987.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 422.413px; transform: scaleX(0.966059);">64. Rosner D, Markowitz G. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 510.02px; top: 422.413px; transform: scaleX(0.977313);">Deadly Dust: Silicosis</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 438.247px; transform: scaleX(1.08362);">and the Politics of Occupational Disease in</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 454.08px; transform: scaleX(1.06274);">Twentieth Century America.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 543.841px; top: 454.08px; transform: scaleX(1.09247);">Princeton, NJ:</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 469.913px; transform: scaleX(0.97265);">Princeton University Press; 1991.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 353.333px; top: 485.747px; transform: scaleX(0.985862);">65. Andrews EF. Memorandum for Dr. Greenburg.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 501.58px; transform: scaleX(1.09497);">April 13, 1936. National Archives, Record</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 378.333px; top: 517.413px; transform: scaleX(1.04511);">Group 174, Office of the Secretary of Labor.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 74.08px; transform: scaleX(1.06068);">Folder: State Labor Department, New York,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 89.9133px; transform: scaleX(0.955556);">1936.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 105.747px; transform: scaleX(0.922921);">66. Silicosis. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 729.119px; top: 105.747px; transform: scaleX(0.900469);">Survey Mid Monthly.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 835.637px; top: 105.747px; transform: scaleX(0.929619);">February 1940:np.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 121.58px; transform: scaleX(1.01744);">67. Markowitz G, Rosner D. The reawakening of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 137.413px; transform: scaleX(1.00155);">national concern about silicosis. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 856.256px; top: 137.413px; transform: scaleX(1.00969);">Public Health</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 153.247px; transform: scaleX(0.97625);">Reports.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 728.605px; top: 153.247px; transform: scaleX(0.98762);">1998;113:302–311.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 169.08px; transform: scaleX(1.06457);">68. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Staff,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 184.913px; transform: scaleX(1.01396);">Bureau of Labor Statistics. Perils in the work-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 200.747px; transform: scaleX(1.13786);">place. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 721.527px; top: 200.747px; transform: scaleX(1.103);">Compensation and Working Condi-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 216.58px; transform: scaleX(0.986621);">tions.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 713.06px; top: 216.58px; transform: scaleX(0.9798);">Available at: http://www.lexis-nexis.com.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 232.413px; transform: scaleX(0.975325);">universe. Accessed January 1999.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 248.247px; transform: scaleX(0.965239);">69. Windau JA. Worker fatalities from being caught</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 264.08px; transform: scaleX(0.983076);">in machinery. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 756.136px; top: 264.08px; transform: scaleX(0.969067);">Compensation and Working Con-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(1.05175);">ditions.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 726.635px; top: 279.913px; transform: scaleX(1.04395);">Available at: http://www.lexis-nexis.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 295.747px; transform: scaleX(0.972033);">com.universe. Accessed January 1999.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 311.58px; transform: scaleX(1.04082);">70. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Outdoor occupa-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 327.413px; transform: scaleX(1.00014);">tions exhibit high rates of fatal injuries. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 894.883px; top: 327.413px; transform: scaleX(0.974559);">Issues.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 343.247px; transform: scaleX(1.05798);">March 1995. Available at: http://www.lexis-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 359.08px; transform: scaleX(0.969706);">nexis.com/universe.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 374.913px; transform: scaleX(1.0219);">71. Workers’ compensation cases are threatening</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 390.747px; transform: scaleX(0.992057);">the financial structure of the system, leading to</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 406.58px; transform: scaleX(1.00982);">numerous calls for reform. See Spieler E. Per-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 422.413px; transform: scaleX(0.989064);">petuating risk? Workers’ compensation and the</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 438.247px; transform: scaleX(1.03769);">persistence of occupational injuries. </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 884.029px; top: 438.247px; transform: scaleX(1.02032);">Houston</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 454.08px; transform: scaleX(0.929549);">Law Review.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 750.152px; top: 454.08px; transform: scaleX(0.978005);">Summer 1994;31:note 82.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 656.667px; top: 469.913px; transform: scaleX(0.992173);">72. Jones SD. State prosecutions for safety-related</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 485.747px; transform: scaleX(1.04958);">crimes in the workplace: can D.A.’s succeed</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 501.58px; transform: scaleX(1.04498);">where OSHA failed? </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 801.981px; top: 501.58px; transform: scaleX(1.02759);">Kentucky Law Journal.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 517.413px; transform: scaleX(0.970593);">Fall 1990;79:139–158</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 517.413px; transform: scaleX(0.970593);">** </span><br /><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 517.413px; transform: scaleX(0.970593);"><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1068.06px; transform: scaleX(0.955713);">The author is with the Program in the History of Pub-</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1084.06px; transform: scaleX(0.991937);">lic Health and Medicine, Mailman School of Public</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1100.06px; transform: scaleX(0.952368);">Health,Columbia University, New York, NY.</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 696.388px; top: 1115.9px; transform: scaleX(1.01271);">Requests for reprints should be sent to David</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1131.73px; transform: scaleX(1.10148);">Rosner, PhD, Program in the History of Public </span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1147.56px; transform: scaleX(0.990505);">Health and Medicine, Joseph L. Mailman School of</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1163.4px; transform: scaleX(0.972444);">Public Health, 100 Haven Ave, Tower III, 17H, New</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1179.23px; transform: scaleX(0.974502);">York, NY 10032 (e-mail: dr289@columbia.edu).</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 696.388px; top: 1195.06px; transform: scaleX(1.04774);">This commentary was accepted January 13,</span><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1210.9px; transform: scaleX(0.977778);">2000.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 681.667px; top: 517.413px; transform: scaleX(0.970593);"><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 13.3333px; left: 666.388px; top: 1210.9px; transform: scaleX(0.977778);">Source:- <a href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.90.4.535" target="_blank">American Journal of Public Health, April 2000 Vol. 90 No.4 </a></span></span>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-75556411736195334682020-06-29T21:29:00.002-07:002020-06-29T21:29:56.713-07:00International Workers’ Memorial Day Statement: Mourn for dead, fight for the living — 40 groups<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
International Workers’ Memorial Day Statement: Mourn for dead, fight for the living — 40 groups</h1>
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Wednesday, 29 Apr 2020 02:48 PM MYT</div>
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APRIL 29 — On the occasion of the International Workers’ Memorial Day
or Workers’ Mourning Day, celebrated annually on April 28, we, the 40
undersigned groups and trade unions lament the fact that workers’ death
at worksites, have not resulted in the Malaysian government’s enactment
of laws, regulations and standards that will prevent future deaths or
injury in a similar situation.</div>
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International Workers’ Memorial Day or Workers’ Mourning Day is the
international day of remembrance and action for workers killed,
disabled, injured or made unwell by their work. The slogan for the day
is Mourn for the dead, Fight for the living.</div>
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While we mourn the loss of lives and injuries of workers, we struggle
and fight for the living with the object of reducing risk of future
loss of life and injury at the work place.</div>
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In Malaysia, in 2018, there were 611 fatal accident cases. In 2017,
there were 711 fatal accident cases. (Bernama, 11/07/2018; Star,
7/1/2020). Interestingly, the Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH) records of fatal accident cases investigated in 2017 and
2018, are only 206 and 260 respectively, which means that investigations
are yet to be completed even in so cases that resulted in death.</div>
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The construction sector records one of the highest number of
fatalities. The Occupational Safety and Health Department’s (DOSH)
statistics recorded 169 deaths and 3,911 accidents in the construction
sector for 2018. (NST, 15/2/2020) The rate of fatality per 100,000
workers in the construction sector is 13.44 in 2018, as compared to
14.57 in 2017.</div>
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Malaysia’s Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) was not only 10 times worse than
that of the United Kingdom but had in fact deteriorated by 20 per cent
since the turn of the century, according to a Construction Industry
Development Board report.</div>
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<strong>Deaths by reason of trench collapses — death by being buried alive</strong></div>
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Jalmi, an Indonesian worker in his 20s, died after he was buried in a
three-metre drain during excavation works in Shah Alam, Selangor in
October 2015. (NST, 5/10/2015).</div>
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In March 2015, it was reported that two construction workers in
Machang, Kelantan, a local man and a Myanmar national were killed when
earth collapsed and buried them in the hole whilst they were working on a
water supply pipe project .(NST, 30/3/2015). </div>
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</div>
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In September 2015, a Bangladeshi construction worker was killed in
Kuala Lumpur after he was buried in a pile of soil, after the victim and
his colleague had earlier dug a hole about three-meters deep to install
underground pipes.(NST, 30/9/2015)</div>
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Nicholas anak Jawan, a 33-year-old worker, was killed in Sarawak
after he was buried alive while building a deep monsoon drain (Malay
Mail, 3/12/2019)</div>
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</div>
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Md Shoriful, 43, and Julhas Rahman, 27, were killed when they were
buried by mounds of falling earth at a housing project construction site
in Mentakab, Temerloh where they were carrying out sewage pipe
installation works. (BERNAMA/New Straits Times, 6/3/2020)</div>
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There will be much more similar cases, which unfortunately not all
would have been reported by the media. Sadly, media reports also fail to
respectfully name the workers who died, and also fail to make mention
of the names of the companies and/or employers who may be responsible
for these fatal accidents.</div>
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In the commemoration of this year’s IWMD, we call upon the Malaysian government to:</div>
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1. Enact and enforce laws and regulations that impose mandatory obligations to prevent further deaths in the future</div>
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Death by such trench collapses in Malaysia, and also all over the
world, have been happening for years, and the question is why are there
still no specific laws and regulations in place that will prevent such
deaths in similar situations in the future.</div>
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</div>
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What ought to be in such laws could be the requirement for needed
supports and/or battering to prevent the soil from collapsing on workers
working in such pits or trenches. The requirement for the need for
safety inspection of the site by a competent person, before a worker is
asked to enter any hole or trench of more than one metre depth, noting
that safety will also be affected by type of soil, weather on that day,
vibration caused by machines operating nearby or other reasons.</div>
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</div>
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Specific regulations and standards are needed, rather than vague
general laws that simply talk about ‘so far as practicable’ general
obligations of safety and health. In some other countries, there are
already laws that specifically deal with this like The Construction
(Design and Management) Regulations 2015 in United Kingdom, and</div>
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</div>
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There are so many employers and companies involved in construction
works in Malaysia, and it absurd to expect them to know of all the
dangers and risks involved in the various different aspects of their
work. Employers and companies, may not be aware of the risks discovered
at other worksites following some accidents, and as such may still be
carrying out work in the same risky life-threatening manner through
ignorance.</div>
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</div>
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Thus, it is only reasonable and incumbent for the government, who has
the data and expertise with regard to occupational safety and health
issues, to do the needful through the making of needed regulations
and/or laws, which includes steps to be taken by employers to ensure
safety.</div>
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</div>
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Every worksite incident that results in an accident, injury and/or
death of a worker, ought to teach us what need to be done now to prevent
future mishaps that may result in death of workers. The government is
duty bound to take steps to ensure similar accidents do not recur
anywhere, and the best solution is the enactment of clear laws, rules
and regulations that will not only highlight the dangers, but will also
make sure that employers and companies do the needful to reduce risk of
death and injury. Mere guidelines or advisories are insufficient.</div>
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</div>
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2. Make public and create awareness of Laws, Regulations and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)</div>
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</div>
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It is often that government mentions about SOPs and other legal
requirements, but sadly many of these are not even known to workers and
the public, thus making it impossible for people to even highlight
actions and/or situations when employers and companies do not follow the
law.</div>
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</div>
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All applicable laws, regulations and SOPs must be made available to
the public, including all websites of agencies, departments and
Ministries having the responsibility for occupational safety and health.</div>
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</div>
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3. Ensure deterrent sentences to reduce non-compliance, and reduce death and injury of workers</div>
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</div>
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Worker lives and wellbeing are of primary importance, and as such
penalty for employers and companies that breach laws that protect the
safety and health of workers must be deterrent if Malaysia is truly
concerned about human lives.</div>
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</div>
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Currently penalties for violation of Occupational Safety and Health
laws are fines, and a maximum of two years imprisonment. However, there
seem to be no employers or Directors of companies that have been sent to
prison, even when their failings have resulted in death and injury to
workers. It is Directors and owners of companies that sometimes, to save
cost, who choose to negate duties and obligations to do the needful to
ensure worker safety and health.</div>
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</div>
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Kevin Otto, owner of Atlantic Drain Services, a company in US was
recently sentenced to two years imprisonment after being found guilty of
two counts of manslaughter for the deaths of two employees, Robert
Higgins and Kelvin Mattocks, who drowned in October 2018 in an
unprotected, 14’ deep trench following a water main break. He was
further penalized with three years’ probation following his sentence,
and he can never again employ anyone in a job that involves excavation.
(ISHN, 17/12/2019).</div>
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</div>
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In other jurisdictions, stringent laws with higher penalties,
including new offences, are being enacted with the object of reducing
risk of life and injury to workers. In Australia, Industrial
Manslaughter laws have been introduced. - <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2020/04/29/international-workers-memorial-day-statement-mourn-for-dead-fight-for-the-l/1861342" target="_blank">Malay Mail, 29/4/2020</a></div>
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<i>See also:-<a href="https://charleshector.blogspot.com/2020/04/kenyataan-hari-peringatan-pekerja-maut.html">Kenyataan Hari Peringatan Pekerja Maut Antarabangsa (28 April) - Berkabung untuk yang mati, Berjuang untuk yang hidup</a>
and<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> original statement at</span><u><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></u></span><a href="https://charleshector.blogspot.com/2020/04/international-workers-memorial-day.html">International Workers’ Memorial Day Statement Mourn for dead, Fight for the living - 28/4/2020</a></i></div>
<i>
</i>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<a href="https://charleshector.blogspot.com/2020/05/draw-up-clear-laws-to-prevent-injury.html">Draw up clear laws to prevent injury, death to workers(Malaysian Insight)</a><br />
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WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-22485209306161228672020-06-29T21:27:00.004-07:002020-06-29T21:27:54.679-07:00 Prosecute Employers and Contractors for breaching OSH laws resulting in workers becoming Covid-19 victims<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Note - now 56 groups with<span> Union of Employees in Construction Industry(UECI)/Kesatuan Pekerja-pekerja
dalam Industri Binaan</span></i></span></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Media
Statement – 14/6/2020</span></u></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Prosecute Employers and Contractors for
breaching OSH laws resulting in workers becoming Covid-19 victims</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CIDB’s SOP and Guidelines – Mere Sham or
imposes legal obligations?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">We, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">55</b> undersigned
organizations, groups and trade unions are concerned about the lack of obvious enforcement
and prosecution of employers, contractors, developers including Directors and
CEOs when they violate laws meant to ensure worker safety and health, even
during this Movement Control Order (MCO) where workers ought to be kept safe from
Covid-19.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">No Directors, CEOs, Managers and officers responsible have to date
been seen to be tried, convicted and even send to prison despite there being so
many fatal accidents, injuries and even Covid-19 infections of workers. However
from January to March 2020, DOSH reports occupational accidents resulted 1770
in non-permanent disabilities, 65 permanent disabilities and 61 deaths of
workers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The legal obligation of the employer is to ALWAYS provide a safe and
healthy environment for workers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">This obligation is not simply about satisfying that workers are
disease-free as a condition for the business to begin operation, or for the temporary
shutdown of worksites when a Covid-19 infection is detected, or an industrial
accident happens. The persons responsible for the non-compliance must be held personally
responsible, and there must be prosecution and conviction under the laws that
impose legal obligations on employers. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The lack of prosecution, trials and convictions, gives the impression
that the government is less concerned about the safety and health of workers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">CIDB’s SOP and Guidelines exist since 22<sup>nd</sup>
April</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Eighty eight positive Covid-19 cases have been reported detected at
three construction site clusters, one in Selangor and two in Kuala Lumpur (New
Straits Times, 26/5/2020). It is disturbing that these cases were detected more
than a month after the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) announced
strict occupational safety and health requirements on 22/4/2020, which covers
not just work sites but also worker accommodations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Even if the construction site is not operational, the
employer/contractors still have the legal obligation and duty of care to ensure
worker safety and health at worker accommodations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">It is important to note that on 22/4/2020, the Construction Industry
Development Board (CIDB), which comes under the Ministry of Works, issued the
(1) Prosedur Standard Operasi[Standard Operating Procedures(SOP)]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>,
(2) Garis Panduan Amalan Langkah Pencegahan Di Tapak Bina[Guidelines on
Preventive Measures Steps at the Construction Site]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
and (3) Garis Panduan Operasi Centralised Labour Quarters Dan Penginapan
Pekerja [Guidelines for the Operation of Centralized Labour Quarters and Worker
Accommodations]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The Minister of Works was reported saying, that ‘… Any violation of
the SOP may be subject to action under the Prevention and Control of Infectious
Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342) and the Construction Industry Development Board
Malaysia Act 1994 (Act 520)…’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Edge
Markets, 22/4/2020)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[iv]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">It may be reasonable to suggest that a worker who shows Covid-19
symptoms and/or tests positive within 14 days of the entry into force of these
requirements may have been infected beforehand, but not when its detected more
than a month later, meaning they would have been infected in the last 14 days
or less.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">When infections are detected more than 14 days after 22/4/2020, the
presumption would be there was an obvious breach of the law on the part of the
employers, contractors, developers and/or their agents. As such, the lack of reported
investigation and/or prosecution of these employer, contractor and/or developer
perpetrators is most disturbing. Strict enforcement and prosecution is always an
important deterrent to ensure workers’ future safety.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">A lack of prosecution highlights a possible breach of the 22/4/2020
promise by the Minister of Works, that said that action will be taken in the
event of violations. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Non Gazetted Regulations, Guidelines, SOPs -
legally unenforceable? </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Without being gazetted, there arises the question as to whether a
breach or non-compliance of any of these Regulations, Standard Operating
Procedures, Guidelines, etc are even legally enforceable, let alone whether the
violators of these standards, guidelines or regulations will result in the
prosecution and effective conviction of violators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">For the Construction Sector, in addition to the recent SOP and
Guidelines, since 2018 CIDB also has Guidelines for Temporary Construction
Workers Amenities and Accommodation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sadly, it seems that this SOP and Guidelines have not been gazetted
under the CIDB Act and this raises the question as to whether employers are
legally bound to obey, and whether non-compliance would even lead to
prosecution, trial and/or convictions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">It was reported that on 31/5/2020 itself, Construction Industry
Development Board (CIDB) inspected 110 construction sites nationwide, and found
that only 21 sites were in compliance with the Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP). 3 sites were given warnings only, and it was reported that enforcement
action were taken against 76 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Berita
Harian, 1/6/2020)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[v]</span></b></span></span></span></a>.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">However, there was no information whether any of these law-breaking
companies, Directors and persons in charge were even charged in court, fined or
jailed. This information is crucial for workers, and public perception. A
failure of prosecution may be indicative of the hypocrisy of the government.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Right to a safe working environment is a
Human Right </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">“Everyone has the right to life,
to work... to just and favourable conditions of work... Everyone has the right
to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and
of his family...” (From the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, UN, 1948). </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Article 7 of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which came into effect in 1976
states:“The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of
everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work which
ensure, in particular:.. (b) Safe and healthy working conditions;…” </span></span></span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The ILO Constitution sets forth
the principle that workers must be protected from sickness, disease and injury
arising from their employment.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">To date, it seems like almost no employer, contractor or Developer,
and their Directors and/or officers have been prosecuted for breaches of the
various occupational safety and health laws, including the Occupational Safety
and Health Act 1994(OSHA 1994), Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia
Act 1994(CIDB Act) and the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act
1988(PACID) during the MCO period in response to Covid-19 pandemic despite there
being media reports of many workers being infected by Covid-19 at their
workplaces and/or accommodations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">While the Regulations under the Prevention and Control of Infectious
Diseases Act 1988(PACID) have all been gazetted, which makes it most clear to
everyone, as to what they can or cannot do, it also allows the prosecution,
trial and conviction possible, these SOP and Guidelines have not yet been gazetted.
Likewise, there are many SOPs, Guidelines and Standards under other laws that
deal with the occupational safety and health that have yet to be gazetted.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">It is no use if these SOPs, Guidelines, Standards and/or other similar
documents are mere recommendations to employers, which may mean that a
non-compliance will not attract investigation, prosecution and/or convictions
of employers, contractors, developers, their Directors and Managers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">There must be no choice given to employers about what they must do
when it comes to issues of occupational safety and health. These obligations
must be mandatory as it concerns reducing the risk of sickness, injury and
death of workers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Therefore, we</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Call
on Malaysia to disclose the list of employers, contractors, Developers,
Directors, CEOs and other officers in charge who have been investigated,
charged and convicted for violation of legal obligations of occupational safety
and health of workers during this MCO period to combat the spread of Covid-19;</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Call
for specific Regulations For Workplaces, And Worker Accommodations to keep
workers safe from Covid-19 and/or other infectious diseases;</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Call
for the gazetting of all regulations, standards, SOPs, Guidelines and other
similar instruments concerning occupational safety and health of workers making
them a legal obligation, whereby a non-compliance will result in prosecution.
When, it is not gazetted, it may simply be a mere recommendation or advice, where
employers may or may not comply with.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Call
for Malaysia to recognize Covid-19 as an occupational disease under the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, and all other laws relating to
occupational safety and health of workers which will impose obligations on
employers to keep workers safe.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Call
for Malaysia to review all laws concerning occupational safety and health which
should also result in a more deterrent sentence, especially when injury and
death is caused by reason of non-compliance.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Call
for Malaysia to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ILO Convention 167 -Safety and
Health in Construction Convention, 1988, ILO Convention 155 - Occupational
Safety and Health Convention, 1981, and all other Conventions concerning
occupational safety and health of workers.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Charles
Hector</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Apolinar
Tolentino</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Irene Xavier</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">N Gopal
Kishnam</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For
and on behalf of the following 55 groups</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ALIRAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Building and Wood Workers International (BWI) Asia Pacific Region</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Labour Law Reform Coalition (LLRC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">AMMPO-Sentro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Association Of Home And Maquila Workers (ATRAHDOM), Guatemala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Association of Human Rights Defenders and Promoters-HRDP in Myanmar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bangladesh Group The Netherlands</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">China Labour Bulletin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Clean Clothes Campaign(CCC) South East Asian Coalition</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Electronic Industry Employees Union Western Region Peninsula Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">EMPOWER Malaysia (Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Foreign Spouses Support Group (FSSG)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Garment and Allied Workers Union, India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Global Women’s Strike<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">IMA Research Foundation, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">International Black Women For Wages For Housework, United Kingdom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawatankuasa Solidariti Pekerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesatuan Pekerja Atlas Edible Ice Sdn Bhd</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Electronic Industry Employees Union Southern Region Peninsular
Malaysia(EIEUSRPM)/Kesatuan Sekerja Industri Elektronik Wilayah Selatan, Semenanjung
Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">KRYSS Network</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Labour Behind the Label, UK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Legal Action for Women, United Kingdom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">MADPET(Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Malaysian Physicians for Social Responsibility</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Malayan Technical Services Union (MTSU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Marvi Rural Development Organization (MRDO), Pakistan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Migrant CARE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Monitoring the Sustainability of Globalisation (MSN)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">National Union of Transport Equipment and Allied Industries Workers
(NUTEAIW)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia(NUFAM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Network of Action for Migrants in Malaysia(NAMM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">North South Initiative (NSI)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Odhikar, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Onward Consulting</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Parti Sosialis Malaysia(PSM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Persatuan Promosi Hak Asasi Manusia/Society For the Promotion of Human
Rights(PROHAM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor (PSWS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">PKNS KPP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sabah Timber Industry Employees’ Union (STIEU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sarawak Bank Employees Union (SBEU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sabah Women's Action Resource Group (SAWO)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sisters in Islam (SIS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tenaganita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Timber Employees Union of Peninsula Malaysia (TEUPM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Timber Industry Employees Union Sarawak (TIEUS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Union for Civil Liberty(UVL), Thailand</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Union of Domestic, Maquila, Nexas and Related Workers (SITRADOM),
Guatemala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Union of Forestry Employees Sarawak (UFES)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Women Of Color Global Women’s Strike</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Workers Assistance Center, Inc., Philippines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Workers Empowerment </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Yokohama Action Research</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
CIDB -
http://www.cidb.gov.my/images/1._PROSEDUR_STANDARD_OPERASI_Pembinaan_Dokumen_1.pdf</div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
CIDB - http://www.cidb.gov.my/images/2._GARIS_PANDUAN_AMALAN_LANGKAH_PENCEGAHAN_DI_TAPAK_BINA_DOKUMEN_2.pdf</div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
CIDB http://www.cidb.gov.my/images/3._GARIS_PANDUAN_OPERASI_CENTRALISED_LABOUR_QUARTERS_DAN_PENGINAPAN_PEKERJA_DOKUMEN_3.pdf</div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a>
Edge Markets, 22/4/2020 ‘MCO: Daily screenings on workers among SOP set for
construction sector
https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/mco-daily-screenings-workers-among-sop-set-construction-sector</div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a>
Berita Harian, 1/6/2020 - Patuh SOP atau tak dibenarkan kembali
beroperasi
https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/06/695157/patuh-sop-atau-tak-dibenarkan-kembali-beroperasi</div>
</div>
</div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-69373434863856749112020-06-29T21:27:00.000-07:002020-06-29T21:27:00.040-07:00 Majikan Dan Kontraktor Yang Mengingkar Perundangan OSH Yang Menjadi Pekerja Mangsa Covid-19 Harus Didakwa Di Mahkamah SOP dan Garis Panduan CIDB - Sekadar ‘hiasan’ atau undang-undang wajib dipatuhi?<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">see original english version at -</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://charleshector.blogspot.com/2020/06/55-groups-prosecute-employers-and.html">55
Groups - Prosecute Employers and Contractors for breaching OSH laws
resulting in workers becoming Covid-19 victims CIDB’s SOP and
Guidelines – Mere Sham or imposes legal obligations? </a></span>
</div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></u><b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Penterjemahan Bahasa Malaysia
Kenyataan Media Bersama 14/6/2020</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Majikan
Dan Kontraktor Yang Mengingkar Perundangan OSH Yang Menjadi Pekerja Mangsa Covid-19
Harus Didakwa Di Mahkamah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">SOP dan Garis
Panduan CIDB - Sekadar ‘hiasan’ atau undang-undang wajib dipatuhi?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kami,
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">56</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> organisasi, kumpulan dan kesatuan sekerja, yang disenaraikan
di bawah, memandang berat kekurangan penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan
pendakwaan yang nyata terhadap majikan, kontraktor dan pemaju termasuk pengarah
dan CEO (ketua pegawai eksekutif) yang melanggar undang-undang yang telah wujud
untuk memastikan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja, termasuk juga semasa
Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) di mana pekerja perlu selamat daripada Covid-19.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kini
tidak nampak mana-mana Pengarah, CEO, Pengurus dan pegawai bertanggungjawab dibicarakan,
disabitkan atau dipenjarakan walaupun terdapat banyak kes kemalangan pekerjaan
yang menyebabkan kematian, serta jangkitan Covid-19 dikalangan pekerja. Dari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Januari hingga Mac 2020, Jabatan Keselamatan
dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan(DOSH) melaporkan kemalangan pekerjaan yang telah mengakibatkan
1,770 pekerja hilang upaya sementara, 65 hilang upaya kekal dan 61 mati.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut
undang-undang yang sedia ada, majikan SENTIASA mempunyai kewajipan untuk memastikan
persekitaran kerja yang selamat dan sihat.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kewajipan
ini bukan hanya sekadar untuk memastikan pekerja bebas dari penyakit sebagai
syarat bagi perniagaan berkenaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyambung
semula operasi, atau justifikasi untuk penutupan sementara tempat kerja apabila
kes Covid-19 dikesan(atau bila berlakunya kemalangan industry). Pihak ,termasuk
orang perseorangan, yang bertanggungjawab untuk ketidakpatuhan obligasi
undang-undang harus dipertanggungjawabkan secara peribadi, dan harus ada pendakwaan
dan sabitan untuk memastikan tanggungjawab undang-undang majikan ini akan
sentiasa dilaksanakan. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekurangan
pendakwaan, perbicaraan dan sabitan memberikan tanggapan bahawa kerajaan kurang
mementingkan atau prihatin keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SOP dan garis panduan CIDB wujud sejak
22 April 2020.</span></b><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
26 Mei 2020, akbar New Straits Times <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah melaporkan 88 kes positif Covid-19
dikesan di tiga kluster tapak pembinaan, satu di Selangor dan dua di Kuala
Lumpur. Ini amat membimbangkan, memandangkan kes-kes ini dikesan lebih daripada
sebulan selepas Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan (CIDB) mengumumkan peraturan
keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan yang ketat pada 22 April 2020, yang merangkumi
bukan sahaja tempat kerja tetapi juga tempat tinggal pekerja.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Walaupun
tapak pembinaan tidak beroperasi, majikan/kontraktor masih mempunyai kewajiban
undang-undang dan tanggungjawab untuk memastikan keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerja di tempat tinggal pekerja mereka.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada
22 April 2020, CIDB, di bawah Kementerian Kerja Raya, telah mengeluarkan (1)
Prosedur Standard Operasi, (2) Garis Panduan Amalan Langkah Pencegahan Di Tapak
Bina dan (3) Garis Panduan Operasi Tempat Kerja Berpusat Dan Penginapan Pekerja</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Menteri Kerja Raya dilaporkan berkata,<i> '… sebarang
pelanggaran SOP boleh dikenakan tindakan di bawah Akta Pencegahan dan
Pengawalan Penyakit Berjangkit 1988 (Akta 342) dan Akta Lembaga Pembangunan
Industri Pembinaan Malaysia 1994 (Akta 520) ...' . (Edge Markets, 22/4/2020)</i></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mungkin
munasabah kalau dikatakan pekerja yang menunjukkan gejala Covid-19 dan / atau
dikesan positif dalam tempoh 14 hari sejak penguatkuasaan syarat tersebut mungkin
telah dijangkiti sebelum 22hb April. Tetapi apabila dikesan positif lebih dari
sebulan kemudian, ini bermaksud mereka, secara munasabah, telah dijangkiti
dalam masa 14 hari(atau kurang) lalu.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Apabila
mana-mana jangkitan dikesan lebih dari 14 hari selepas 22/4/2020, anggapan
adalah terdapat pelanggaran undang-undang oleh pihak majikan, kontraktor,
pemaju dan/atau ejen mereka. Oleh yang demikian, ketiadaan lapuran penyiasatan
dan/atau pendakwaan ke atas majikan, kontraktor dan/atau pemaju amat
membimbangkan. Penguatkuasaan dan pendakwaan yang ketat adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>amat penting demi menjamin keselamatan
pekerja di masa depan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekurangan
pendakwaan menunjukkan kemungkinan kemungkiran janji Menteri Kerja Raya, yang
diberikan pada 22/04/2020 yang mengatakan bahawa tindakan akan diambil
sekiranya terdapat pengingkaran.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Peraturan, Garis Panduan, SOP Tidak
Diwartakan – ada kuasa undang undang?</span></b><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tanpa
diwartakan, timbul pertanyaan sama ada sebarang pelanggaran atau ketidakpatuhan
peraturan, SOP dan garis panduan dapat dikenakan tindakan undang-undang, apa
lagi pendakwaan dan penyabitan yang berkesan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk
sektor pembinaan, selain daripada SOP dan Garis Panduan baru-baru ini, CIDB
sejak 2018 juga mempunyaI Garis Panduan untuk Kemudahan dan Penginapan Pekerja
Sementara Pembinaan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Malangnya,
nampaknya SOP dan Garis Panduan ini semua belum diwartakan di bawah Akta CIDB,
dan ini menimbulkan persoalan sama ada majikan terikat dibawah undang-undang
untuk mematuhinya, dan adakah ketidakpatuhan akan membawa kepada pendakwaan,
perbicaraan dan/atau sabitan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dilaporkan
bahawa pada 31/5/2020, CIDB memeriksa 110 tapak pembinaan di seluruh negara,
dan mendapati hanya 21 lokasi yang mematuhi SOP. Tiga tapak hanya diberi
amaran, manakala tindakan diambil terhadap 76 tapak. (Berita Harian, 1/6/2020).</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Namun,
tidak ketemui apa-apa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berita <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sama ada syarikat, pengarah dan individu yang
melanggar undang-undang ini telah didakwa di mahkamah, didenda dan/atau
dipenjarakan. Maklumat ini sangat penting bagi pekerja, dan persepsi umum.
Kegagalan mendakwa boleh menunjukkan kemunafikan kerajaan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hak untuk persekitaran kerja yang
selamat adalah hak asasi manusia</span></b><b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">"Setiap individu mempunyai hak
untuk hidup, bekerja ... untuk keadaan kerja yang adil dan baik ... Setiap
orang berhak untuk taraf hidup yang memadai demi kesihatan dan kesejahteraan
dirinya dan keluarganya ..." (Dari Deklarasi Sejagat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hak Asasi Manusia, PBB, 1948).</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Artikel 7 dari Kovenan Internasional
mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya(International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights) yang mula berkuatkuasa pada tahun 1976 menyatakan: “Negara
Pihak pada Kovenan ini mengakui hak setiap orang untuk menikmati kondisi kerja
yang adil dan menguntungkan, dan khususnya: .. (b) Kondisi kerja yang selamat
dan sihat;… ”</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Perlembagaan Petubuhan Buruh
Antarabangsa (ILO) menetapkan prinsip bahawa pekerja mesti dilindungi dari
penyakit dan kecederaan akibat pekerjaan mereka.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sehingga
kini, seolah-olah hampir tiada majikan, kontraktor atau pemaju, dan pengarah
dan/atau pegawai mereka yang telah didakwa kerana melanggar undang-undang
keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja, termasuk Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan
Pekerjaan 1994 (OSHA 1994), Akta Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan
Malaysia 1994 (Akta CIDB) dan Akta Pencegahan dan Pengawalan Penyakit
Berjangkit 1988 (PACID) dalam tempoh PKP untuk menangani pandemik Covid-19
walaupun terdapat laporan media mengenai ramai pekerja yang dijangkiti Covid-19
di tempat kerja dan/atau penginapan pekerja.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bila
peraturan di bawah Akta Pencegahan dan Pengawalan Penyakit Berjangkit 1988
(PACID) semuanya telah diwartakan, ianya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jelas untuk semua mengenai apa yang boleh atau
tidak boleh lakukan, dimana pengingkaran akan menyebabkan pendakwaan,
perbicaraan serta sabitan, SOP dan garis panduan CIDB masih belum diwartakan.
Begitu juga, terdapat banyak SOP, garis panduan dan piawaian di bawah
undang-undang lain yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja yang
masih belum diwartakan.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tidak
ada gunanya jika SOP, garis panduan, piawaian dan/atau dokumen sedemikian jika hanya
merupakan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cadangan atau nasihat kepada
majikan kerana ini bererti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahawa
ketidakpatuhan tidak akan menyebabkan apa-apa penyiasatan, pendakwaan ataupun sabitan
untuk majikan, kontraktor, pemaju, Pengarah dan/atau Pengurus mereka yang
mengingkarinya. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Majikan
tidak patut diberi pilihan mengenai apa yang harus mereka lakukan berkaitan
dengan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja. Tanggunjawab ini mesti diwajibkan
kerana ia berkenaan pengurangan risiko penyakit, kecederaan dan kematian di
kalangan pekerja.</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Maka,
kami</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyeru kerajaan untuk mendedahkan senarai majikan,
kontraktor, pemaju, pengarah, CEO dan pegawai lain yang bertanggungjawab yang
telah disiasat, didakwa dan disabitkan kerana melanggar undang-undang
keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja selama tempoh PKP ini;</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menuntut supaya peraturan khusus untuk tempat kerja dan
kediaman pekerja diwujudkan untuk melindungi pekerja dari Covid-19 dan/atau
penyakit berjangkit yang lain;</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menuntut perwartaan semua peraturan, piawaian, SOP, garis
panduan dan instrumen sedemikian yang lain berkenaan keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerja yang akan menjadikannya kewajiban undang-undang di mana ketidakpatuhan
akan menyebabkan pengingkar didakwa di Mahkamah. Apabila tidak diwartakan, ia
hanyalah mungkin berfungsi sebagai cadangan atau nasihat sahaja, di mana
majikan ada pilihan mematuhi atau tidak.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menuntut Malaysia mengiktiraf Covid-19 sebagai penyakit
pekerjaan di bawah Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994(OSHA 1994),
dan semua undang-undang lain yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerja yang akan meletakan kewajipan undang-undang jelas kepada majikan untuk memastikan
pekerja selamat.</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menuntut <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Malaysia
mengkaji semula semua undang-undang berkenaan keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerjaan, yang mungkin juga meliputi peningkatan hukuman sedia ada kepada hukuman
yang lebih berat atau deteren<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terutamanya
apabila ketidakpatuhan menyebabkan kecederaan dan/atau kematian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menuntut</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Malaysia
meratifikasi Perjanjian Antarabangsa Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, Konvensyen ILO 167 -Keselamatan
Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dalam Pembinaan 1988</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (ILO Convention 167 -Safety and Health in Construction
Convention 1988)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, Konvensyen ILO 155 - Konvensyen Keselamatan
dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1981</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">LO
Convention 155 - Occupational Safety and Health Convention 1981), dan semua
Konvensyen lain berkenaan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan pekerja.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charles Hector</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Apolinar Tolentino</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Irene Xavier</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">N Gopal Kishnam</span></i></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagi
pihak 56 kumpulan yang disenaraikan</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ALIRAN</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Building
and Wood Workers International (BWI) Asia Pacific Region</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Labour
Law Reform Coalition (LLRC)</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">WH4C
(Workers Hub For Change)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AMMPO-Sentro</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Association
Of Home And Maquila Workers (ATRAHDOM), Guatemala</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Association
of Human Rights Defenders and Promoters-HRDP in Myanmar</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bangladesh
Group The Netherlands</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Center
for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">China
Labour Bulletin</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Clean
Clothes Campaign(CCC) South East Asian Coalition</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Electronic
Industry Employees Union Western Region Peninsula Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">EMPOWER
Malaysia (Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Foreign
Spouses Support Group (FSSG)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Garment
and Allied Workers Union, India</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Global
Women’s Strike<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">IMA
Research Foundation, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">International
Black Women For Wages For Housework, United Kingdom</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jawatankuasa
Solidariti Pekerja</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kesatuan
Pekerja Atlas Edible Ice Sdn Bhd</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Electronic
Industry Employees Union Southern Region Peninsular Malaysia(EIEUSRPM)/Kesatuan
Sekerja Industri Elektronik Wilayah Selatan, Semenanjung Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KRYSS
Network</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Labour
Behind the Label, UK</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Legal
Action for Women, United Kingdom</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">MADPET(Malaysians
Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Malaysian
Physicians for Social Responsibility</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Malayan
Technical Services Union (MTSU)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Marvi
Rural Development Organization (MRDO), Pakistan</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Migrant
CARE</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Monitoring
the Sustainability of Globalisation (MSN)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">National
Union of Transport Equipment and Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAIW)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">National
Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia(NUFAM)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Network
of Action for Migrants in Malaysia(NAMM)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">North
South Initiative (NSI)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Odhikar,
Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Onward
Consulting</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Parti
Sosialis Malaysia(PSM)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Persatuan
Promosi Hak Asasi Manusia/Society For the Promotion of Human Rights(PROHAM)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Persatuan
Sahabat Wanita Selangor (PSWS)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PKNS KPP</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sabah
Timber Industry Employees’ Union (STIEU)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sarawak
Bank Employees Union (SBEU)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sabah
Women's Action Resource Group (SAWO)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sisters
in Islam (SIS)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tenaganita</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Timber
Employees Union of Peninsula Malaysia (TEUPM)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Timber
Industry Employees Union Sarawak (TIEUS)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Union for
Civil Liberty(UVL), Thailand</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Union of
Domestic, Maquila, Nexas and Related Workers (SITRADOM), Guatemala</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Union of
Forestry Employees Sarawak (UFES)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">WH4C
(Workers Hub For Change)</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Women Of
Color Global Women’s Strike </span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Workers
Assistance Center, Inc., Philippines</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Workers
Empowerment </span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yokohama
Action Research</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Union of
Employees in Construction Industry(UECI)/Kesatuan Pekerja-pekerja dalam
Industri Binaan</span></div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-10839194547051645952020-06-29T21:25:00.001-07:002020-06-29T21:25:35.679-07:00End discrimination against foreigners and migrants in Covid-19 responses Respect for Human Rights includes ending racism and xenophobia<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media Statement – 30/6/2020</span></u></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Updated</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">End discrimination
against foreigners and migrants in Covid-19 responses</span></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Respect for Human
Rights includes ending racism and xenophobia</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">We, the <b>41</b> undersigned groups and organizations urge Malaysia to end
discrimination and ethnophobia against migrant workers and foreigners including
in responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">In the beginning of May, it was
reported that all migrant/foreign workers will be required to be screened for
Covid-19, before they be allowed to return to work in all sectors. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Recently, there was a report that
foreigners will not be allowed to use mosque/suraus<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.(Malay Mail, 11/6/2020)</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">These are practices against Human
Rights, and also that the Federal Constitution. Article 8 of the Federal
Constitution, which states, ‘(1) All persons are equal before the law and
entitled to the equal protection of the law.’ is clear that this guarantee of
equality applies to all persons, citizens or otherwise in Malaysia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Employment Act 1955 is also
against discrimination amongst workers based on nationality, whereby section
60L(1) also states<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘(1) The Director
General may inquire into any complaint from a local employee that he is being
discriminated against in relation to a foreign employee, or from a foreign
employee that he is being discriminated against in relation to a local
employee, by his employer in respect of the terms and conditions of his
employment…’. This provision clearly captures our principle against
discrimination based on nationalities of workers, and as such the Malaysian
government’s current requirement that ONLY migrant workers, and not local
workers have to be screened and tested before being allowed to return to work
is discriminatory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">There is no rational or
reasonableness for such requirements that discriminate a certain class of
workers, as Covid-19 does not discriminate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is also goes against the often
mentioned Malaysian policy for testing and screening in response to the
Covid-19, which has been reiterated many times by the Director General of
Health in his daily televised reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">On 10<sup>th</sup> June, Malaysia
reportedly had a daily testing capacity of 34,951 samples (NST, 10/6/2020), and
there are over 2 million just documented migrant workers in Malaysia, and for just
all the 2 million plus to be tested, it will take about two months plus. The
reality is that so many others, not just foreigners, that have to be screened
everyday. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The Malaysian approach, as far as
screening and testing was concerned was before a rationale ‘targeted approach’.
Persons who could have come in contact with the infected, and those showing
positive symptoms and other high risk groups like returnees from infected
countries were the focus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Health director-general Datuk Dr
Noor Hisham Abdullah also did say that ‘…if you test everyone and then you
isolate them, that’s fine…’, but the fact of the matter, is that migrants and
everyone tested, is thereafter never isolated from the rest of the un-tested community
and there is always a risk of contact with persons who may not be Covid-19
free, which in the case of workers, will also include the other untested local
workers who work with them,‘…So that’s the next question, how often do you want
to test them?...’<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(Malay Mail, 14/5/2020)</span></i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Malaysia’s xenophobic response to
foreigners in Malaysia, also may negatively impact Malaysia’s moral standing to
condemn similar discriminatory practices against Malaysians now in foreign
countries – hence the ability to keep Malaysians overseas safe from Covid-19 is
affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Malaysia needs to act in
accordance to values, principles and human rights, especially in its response
to Covid-19 and its consequences. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Whilst today, the Federal
Constitution guarantees equality, Article 8(2), that imposes only on government
and public authorities specified anti-discrimination obligations seem to not impose
the same obligations on the private sector and other employers. In short,
others including private sector employers, may still discriminate workers
and/or people simply ‘…on the ground only of religion, race, descent, place of
birth or gender…’. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Calls for laws to impose these
anti-discrimination obligations on all, including private sector employers have
gone unheeded for far too long. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Therefore, we call on<br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue;"><b>-
Malaysia to end all xenophobic and/or discriminatory policies and
practices against migrant workers and foreigners in its responses to
Covid-19 pandemic; <br /><br />- Malaysia to amend laws and/or the
Federal Constitution to extend the obligation to specifically not
discriminate ‘…on the ground only of religion, race, descent, place of
birth or gender…’ to all, including private sector employers; <br /><br />-
Malaysia to provide needed basic assistance to cope with the
loss of income or employment to all persons affected by the Covid-19,
including migrant workers, foreigners and the self-employed. </b></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles Hector</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adrian Pereira</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For and on behalf the 41 listed below</span></i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">ALIRAN</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">North South Initiative (NSI)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tenaganita</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">SUARAM</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">People's Service Organization (PSO), Malaysia</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">MADPET (Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">NAMM (Network of Action for Migrants in Malaysia)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia (NUFAM)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Parti Sosialis Malaysia(PSM)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Penang Stop Human Trafficking Campaign</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Gagasan Insan Progresif</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Timber Industry Employees Union of Sarawak</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sabah Timber Industry Employees Union(STIEU)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Labour Behind the Label</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">International Black Women for Wages for Housework</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">International Domestic Workers Federation (IDWF)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Building and Wood Workers International (BWI) Asia Pacific
Region</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) South East Asian Coalition</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Odhikar, Bangladesh</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Migrant Care, Indonesia</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Persatuan Pekerja Rumah Tangga Indonesia (PERTIMIG) di
Malaysia</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">All Arakan Students' and Youths' Congress (AASYC),
Burma/Myanmar</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Rights Defenders and Promoters-HRDP in Myanmar</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Radanar Ayar Association from Myanmar</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha Mancha(MASUM), India</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Programme Against Custodial Torture & Impunity(PACTI),
India</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">AMMPO-SENTRO- Association of Filipino Nationalist Workers in
Malaysia</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Workers Assistance Center, Inc, Philippines</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">China Labour Bulletin</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Women of Color - Global Women’s Strike, United Kingdom</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Payday Men’s Network UK</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Collectif Ehique sur l’étiquette (France)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Campagna Abiti Puliti – Italy</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Women Against Rape</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Payday Men’s Network US</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Clean Clothes Campaign International Office</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Jaringan Solidariti Pekerja</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Datuk Dr Ronald McCoy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">See related post - that contains relevant news reports:-</span></div>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="https://charleshector.blogspot.com/2020/06/discrimination-against-foreigners-in.html">DISCRIMINATION against foreigners in Mosque and Workplace - Covid-19? All PERSONS are equal before the law </a></h3>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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<![endif]-->WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-24506855885039638422020-04-01T11:03:00.002-07:002020-04-01T11:03:26.018-07:00Make COVID-19 an Occupational Disease under Law to ensure social protection for all workers and their families (47 HRD groups)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u>Media Statement – 2/4/2020</u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Make COVID-19 an Occupational Disease under Law to ensure social
protection for all workers and their families</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We, the 47 undersigned groups, organizations
and trade unions, in response to the advent of Covid-19, an infectious disease
that can easily be transmitted to other human persons, including workers, urge
that the Malaysian government immediately recognize and make Covid-19 an
occupational disease. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">By so doing, workers who are
infected by Covid-19 at their workplace, even during this period, will become
entitled to social protection accorded by social security schemes and laws. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For those who die, by reason of getting
infected by Covid-19 at the workplace, will also be easily entitled to
compensations, and their spouses/children/elderly parents will also become
entitled to survivor benefits including pensions.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Employers have a duty in law to
ensure a safe working environment, and will also now be required to ensure that
the workplace is safe from Covid-19 and/or any other dangerous communicable
diseases, especially those can result in death or other permanent disabilities.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">With the movement control order in
place, which still requires workplaces that provide for essential services to
operate, workers traveling to and from work, and at these workplace are everyday
at risk of being infected by the Covid-19 virus, which to date has also resulted
in many deaths worldwide, and as such workers need protection, and this can be
done by specifically classifying Covid-19 as an occupational disease. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Now, recently even workers in charge
of Human Resources, are required to travel and return to their workplaces for
the purposes of arranging the monthly payment of salaries to workers.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Workers who are also needed (or
forced) to stay in particular accommodation by employers, should also be
covered. This also ought to be considered an ‘occupational disease’, and be
accorded all the needed social protection.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">While the Covid-19 pandemic highlights
the inadequacies in occupational safety and health laws, and also social
security laws for workers, it is time to remedy these failings. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">One must note, that in the past,
there has also been allegations of some workers forced to house together or
work together has ended up contracting life threatening ailments like tuberculosis
from other workers they are made to stay and/or work with. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">All such ailments, not just
Covid-19, which can cause death or other disabilities that may impact these
workers future employment and income, ought to be specifically classified as
occupational diseases, and workers should be accorded all benefits under social
protection laws.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">These laws should apply to all
workers, including migrant workers and domestic workers. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In Malaysia, local workers are
generally covered by the Employees' Social Security Act 1969, which provides
better protection to workers and/or their families compared to the Workmen’s
Compensation Act 1952 that generally covered migrant workers. There must be
equal protection for all workers, even domestic workers.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For now, The Human Resource
Minister, can use the powers conferred by subsection 32(2) of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 [Act 514], and declares that Covid-19 be recognized
as an occupational diseases. Other changes and/or amendments to law to ensure
equal protection to all workers may require Parliament.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Therefore, we </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Call on Malaysia to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>immediately make Covid-19 an occupational
disease, especially if it is contracted at the workplace, on journey to and
from work, and in worker accommodations provided by the employer;</span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Call on Malaysia to amend all relevant worker social
security law, to ensure appropriate just remedy to workers, their families
and/or dependents especially in the event of death, or disability impacting
future capacity to work and/or earn an income;</span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Call on Malaysia to ensure that employers are legally
bound to provide a safe working environment, including safety from infection
from human to human contact at the workplace for diseases like Covid-19,</span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Call on Malaysia and all employers to ensure that
occupational safety and health of all workers are always prioritized and protected.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles
Hector </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apolinar
Tolentino<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
For and on behalf of the following 47 groups</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WH4C(Workers Hub For Change)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Clean Clothes Campaign Network (CCC)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Building and Wood Workers International (BWI) Asia
Pacific Region</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Labour Behind the Label, United Kingdom</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Odhikar, Bangladesh</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Union of Transport Equipment & Allied
Industries Workers (NUTEAW), Malaysia</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (EMPOWER)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Timber Industry Employee Union Sarawak (TIEUS) </span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MADPET (Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">North South Initiative(NSI)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kesatuan Sekerja Industri Elektronik Wilayah Selatan,
Semenanjung Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sarawak Banking Employees Union</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MTUC Sarawak (Malaysian Trade Union Congress – Sarawak)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Malayan Technical Services Union<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Timber Employees Union of Peninsula Malaysia</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Malay Forest Officers Union<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PKNS Union<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sabah Timber Industry Employees Union</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia (NUFAM)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Legal Action for Women, United Kingdom</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Global Womens Strike, United Kingdom</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Malaysian Automotive Industry Workers Union Federation</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Union of Banking Employees(NUBE)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Single Mothers’ Self-Defence, United Kingdom</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Association of Human Rights and Defenders and Promoters-
HRDP(Myanmar)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha Mancha (MASUM), India</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MARUAH, Singapore</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IMA Research Foundation, Bangladesh</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Legal Awareness Watch (LAW), Pakistan</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asociación de Trabajadoras del Hogar a Domicilio y de
Maquila–Atrahdom, Guatemala</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Programme Against Custodial Torture & Impunity
(PACTI), India</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marvi Rural Development Organization (MRDO), Pakistan</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Onward Consulting, Malaysia<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Women of Colour Global Women Strike, United Kingdom</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Payday, United Kingdom</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Women Against Rape (UK)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bangladesh Group Netherlands</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">International<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Black Women for Wages for Housework</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, UK</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asosasyon ng mga Makabayang Manggagawang Pilipino
Overseas in Malaysia (AMMPO-SENTRO)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">European Rohingya Council</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WinVisible (women with visible & invisible
disabilities)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Campaign Abiti Puliti (Italian CCC)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Collectif Ethique sur l'étiquette (France)</span></i></div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-91811871773293126332018-08-02T10:18:00.000-07:002018-08-02T10:18:15.350-07:00Pope Declares Death Penalty Unacceptable in All Cases<div id="app" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="ghost" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden;"></span><span class="balancedHeadline" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 246.758px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Pope Declares Death Penalty Unacceptable in All Cases</span></h1>
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By <a class="css-1s28epf e1x1pwtg0" href="http://www.nytimes.com/by/elisabetta-povoledo" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-1baulvz" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); text-decoration-line: underline; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Elisabetta Povoledo</span></a> and <a class="css-1s28epf e1x1pwtg0" href="http://www.nytimes.com/by/laurie-goodstein" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-1baulvz" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); text-decoration-line: underline; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Laurie Goodstein</span></a></div>
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ROME — Pope Francis has declared that the death penalty is wrong in all cases, a definitive change in church teaching that is likely to challenge faithful Catholic politicians, judges and officials in the United States and other countries who have argued that their church was not entirely opposed to capital punishment.</div>
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Francis added the change to the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church, the book of doctrine that is taught to Catholic children worldwide and studied by adults in a church with 1.2 billion members.</div>
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Francis said executions were unacceptable in all cases because they are “an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person,” the Vatican announced on Thursday.</div>
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The church also says it will work “with determination” for the abolition of capital punishment worldwide.</div>
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Francis’ decision is likely to put many American Catholic politicians in a difficult position, especially Catholic governors, like Greg Abbott of Texas and Pete Ricketts of Nebraska, who have presided over executions.</div>
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And it could set off a backlash among American Catholic traditionalists who have already cast Francis as being dangerously inclined to change or compromise church teaching on other issues, like permitting communion for Catholics who have divorced and remarried without getting a church annulment.</div>
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It could also complicate the lives of judges who are practicing Catholics.</div>
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In <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2002/05/gods-justice-and-ours" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">a 2002 article</a>, Justice Antonin Scalia, who died in 2016, said, “I do not find the death penalty immoral,” and added that he was confident that Catholic doctrine allowed for it to be used in some cases.</div>
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He wrote that it would be a bad idea if Catholic judges had to recuse themselves in death penalty cases or if Catholic governors had to promise commutations of death sentences, and commented, “Most of them would never reach the governor’s mansion.”</div>
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The new teaching appears to make the conflict much sharper, if not definitive.</div>
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President Trump’s nominee to the Supreme Court, Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh, is Catholic, as are Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel A. Alito Jr. and Sonia Sotomayor. One of the other finalists for the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Anthony M. Kennedy was Judge Amy Coney Barrett, who is also Catholic.</div>
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She wrote a 1998 law review article suggesting that Catholic judges should consider recusing themselves in some death penalty cases that might conflict with their religious beliefs.</div>
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Abolishing the death penalty has been one of Francis’ top priorities for many years, along with saving the environment and caring for immigrants and refugees. He mentioned it in <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/us/pope-francis-congress-speech.html" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" title="">his address</a> to the United States Congress on his trip to America in 2015, saying that “from the beginning of my ministry” he had been led “to advocate at different levels for the global abolition of the death penalty.”</div>
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He added, “I am convinced that this way is the best, since every life is sacred, every human person is endowed with an inalienable dignity, and society can only benefit from the rehabilitation of those convicted of crimes.”</div>
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<section class="interactive-embedded interactive-size-scoop css-6zlpze e1iozag91" data-id="100000006037346" id="death-penalty-map" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; min-width: 300px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 320px;"><header class="interactive-header css-1wht2li e1iozag90" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="interactive-headline" style="border: 0px; color: #121212; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 1.35rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6rem; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">
Where the Death Penalty is Legal in the United States</h2>
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Capital punishment is legal in 31 states. Governors have imposed moratoriums on the death penalty in four of those states.</div>
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<img class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/08/02/death-penalty/5a6ab16f6a7a0247db160bd3db9159c4747b5903/death-penalty-Artboard_1.png" id="g-death-penalty-Artboard_1-img" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;" /><div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 18.7031px; margin: -8.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 15.4375px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 121px;">
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Has death penalty</div>
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No death penalty</div>
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Governor-imposed moratorium</div>
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Wash.</div>
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Me.</div>
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Mont.</div>
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N.D.</div>
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Minn.</div>
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Vt.</div>
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Ore.</div>
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N.H.</div>
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Wis.</div>
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Idaho</div>
</div>
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S.D.</div>
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Mass.</div>
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N.Y.</div>
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R.I.</div>
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Mich.</div>
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Wyo.</div>
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Conn.</div>
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Pa.</div>
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Iowa</div>
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N.J.</div>
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Neb.</div>
</div>
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Nev.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-26" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 425.016px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 254.328px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 43px;">
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Ohio</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-27" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 489.375px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 258.844px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
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Md.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-28" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 394.484px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 261.859px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ind.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-29" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 364.594px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 263.375px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 33px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ill.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-30" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 523.594px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 264.875px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 41px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Del.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-31" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 128.516px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 267.891px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 44px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Utah</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-32" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 448.844px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 285.984px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 48px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
W.Va.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-33" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 185.172px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 289px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 46px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Colo.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-34" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 33.125px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 290.516px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 45px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Calif.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-35" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 480.797px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 298.047px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Va.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-36" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 261.141px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 307.094px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 43px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Kan.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-37" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 329.375px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 307.094px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Mo.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-38" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 415.484px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 311.609px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ky.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-39" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 479.859px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 344.781px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.C.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-40" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 389.703px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 355.328px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 47px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Tenn.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-41" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 278.578px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 368.906px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 46px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Okla.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-42" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 114.188px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 373.422px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ariz.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-43" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 329.266px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 380.953px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ark.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-44" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 174px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 380.953px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 45px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.M.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-45" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 460.891px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 383.969px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 41px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
S.C.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-46" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 434.281px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 409.609px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 38px;">
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Ga.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-47" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 395.703px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 409.609px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 39px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ala.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-48" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 359.906px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 409.609px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 47px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Miss.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-49" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 333.172px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 439.75px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
La.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-50" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 256.328px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 448.797px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 41px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Tex.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-51" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 461.422px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 488px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 39px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Fla.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-52" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 64.7656px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 497.047px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 52px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Alaska</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai0-53" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 148.516px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 536.234px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 53px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Hawaii</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.498" data-max-width="599" data-min-width="460" id="g-death-penalty-Artboard_2" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 460px;">
<img class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/08/02/death-penalty/5a6ab16f6a7a0247db160bd3db9159c4747b5903/death-penalty-Artboard_2.png" id="g-death-penalty-Artboard_2-img" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 460px;" /><div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 279.531px; margin: -8.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 27.3281px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 192px;">
<div class="g-pstyle0" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 16px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Governor-imposed moratorium</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-2" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 17.5312px; margin: -8.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 27.3281px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 121px;">
<div class="g-pstyle0" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 16px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Has death penalty</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-3" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 151.531px; margin: -8.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 27.3281px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 115px;">
<div class="g-pstyle0" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 16px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
No death penalty</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-4" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 45.9844px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 80.4688px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 51px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Wash.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-5" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 415.031px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 89.4531px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Me.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-6" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 115.625px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 101.438px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Mont.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-7" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 393.219px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 102.938px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 35px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Vt.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-8" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 184.438px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 102.938px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 43px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.D.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-9" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 228.672px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 119.422px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Minn.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 35.1875px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 125.422px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ore.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-11" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 422.859px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 135.906px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 43px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.H.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-12" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 264.797px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 146.391px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Wis.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-13" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 77.625px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 150.891px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 48px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Idaho</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-14" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 185.219px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 152.391px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
S.D.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-15" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 377.141px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 152.391px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.Y.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-16" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 430.844px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 153.891px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 50px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Mass.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-17" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 296.5px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 164.375px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 48px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Mich.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-18" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 132.625px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 165.875px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 45px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Wyo.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-19" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 430.984px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 170.375px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 38px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
R.I.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-20" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 413.156px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 183.859px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 49px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Conn.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 235.031px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 189.844px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 44px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Iowa</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-22" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 366.109px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 192.844px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 37px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Pa.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-23" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 185.984px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 197.344px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 44px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Neb.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-24" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 405.656px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 201.844px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.J.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-25" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 53.1875px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 203.328px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Nev.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-26" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 322.703px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 207.828px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 43px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ohio</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-27" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 378.469px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 213.828px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Md.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-28" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 274.812px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 215.328px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 33px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ill.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-29" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 298.5px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 216.812px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ind.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-30" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 401.078px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 218.312px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 41px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Del.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-31" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 93.6562px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 219.812px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 44px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Utah</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-32" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 340.875px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 230.312px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 48px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
W.Va.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-33" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 141.016px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 233.297px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 46px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Colo.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-34" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 21.5625px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 240.797px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 45px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Calif.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-35" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 365.078px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 240.797px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Va.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-36" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 248.391px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 249.781px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Mo.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-37" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 196.547px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 249.781px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 43px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Kan.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-38" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 319.016px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 252.781px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ky.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-39" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 363.859px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 276.75px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.C.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-40" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 297.656px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 287.25px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 47px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Tenn.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-41" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 202px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 293.234px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 46px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Okla.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-42" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 83.5469px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 296.234px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 42px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ariz.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-43" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 250.109px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 303.719px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 40px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ark.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-44" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 347.703px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 303.719px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 41px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
S.C.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-45" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 132.516px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 306.719px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 45px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
N.M.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-46" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 300.531px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 330.703px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 39px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ala.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-47" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 332.406px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 330.703px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 38px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Ga.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-48" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 269.141px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 330.703px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 47px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Miss.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-49" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 252.984px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 348.672px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
La.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-50" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 193.203px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 362.156px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 41px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Tex.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-51" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 45.1406px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 392.125px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 52px;">
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Alaska</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-52" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 353.594px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 392.125px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 39px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 13px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 13px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Fla.</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai1-53" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 109.109px; margin: -6.7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 428.094px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 53px;">
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Hawaii</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.288" data-max-width="459" data-min-width="300" id="g-death-penalty-Artboard_3" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 300px;">
<img class="g-aiImg" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2018/08/02/death-penalty/5a6ab16f6a7a0247db160bd3db9159c4747b5903/death-penalty-Artboard_3.png" id="g-death-penalty-Artboard_3-img" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhCgAKAIAAAB8fHwAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAKAAoAAAIIhI+py+0PYysAOw==" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 300px;" /><div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 21.1875px; margin: -7.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 17.0312px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 113px;">
<div class="g-pstyle0" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 14px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 14px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Has death penalty</div>
</div>
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<div class="g-pstyle0" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 14px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 14px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
No death penalty</div>
</div>
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<div class="g-pstyle0" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 14px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 14px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
Governor-imposed moratorium</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-4" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 35.6875px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 86.5px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
WA</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-5" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 271.703px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 94.2344px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
ME</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-6" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 256.984px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 98.0938px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 33px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
VT</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-7" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 80.0156px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 100.672px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
MT</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-8" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 125.281px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 100.672px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 35px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
ND</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-9" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 152.078px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 110.969px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 37px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
MN</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 25.3438px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 113.547px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 35px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
OR</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-11" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 276.938px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 116.109px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 35px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
NH</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-12" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 176.109px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 125.125px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 33px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
WI</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-13" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 57.375px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 127.703px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 31px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
ID</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-14" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 250.047px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 129px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 34px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
NY</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-15" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 125.172px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 129px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 35px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
SD</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-16" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 280.859px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 129px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
MA</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-17" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 86.0312px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 136.719px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 36px;">
<div class="g-pstyle1" style="border: 0px; color: white; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
WY</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-18" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 202.625px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 139.297px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 33px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
MI</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-19" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 282.953px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 143.156px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 31px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
RI</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-20" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 268.453px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 145.734px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 33px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
CT</div>
</div>
<div class="g-Layer_1 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" id="g-ai2-21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; left: 162.734px; margin: -6.2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 149.594px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 30px;">
<div class="g-pstyle2" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-franklin, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 12px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 12px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">
IA</div>
</div>
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PA</div>
</div>
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NE</div>
</div>
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NV</div>
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NJ</div>
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OH</div>
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MD</div>
</div>
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IL</div>
</div>
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IN</div>
</div>
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UT</div>
</div>
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WV</div>
</div>
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CO</div>
</div>
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CA</div>
</div>
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VA</div>
</div>
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KS</div>
</div>
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MO</div>
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KY</div>
</div>
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NC</div>
</div>
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TN</div>
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OK</div>
</div>
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AZ</div>
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NM</div>
</div>
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AR</div>
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SC</div>
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AL</div>
</div>
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GA</div>
</div>
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MS</div>
</div>
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LA</div>
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TX</div>
</div>
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FL</div>
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AK</div>
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HI</div>
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Sources: Death Penalty Information Center; National Conference of State Legislatures</div>
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By The New York Times</div>
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The new teaching builds on the instructions of Francis’ two immediate predecessors.</div>
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“This didn’t come out of nowhere,” said John Thavis, a Vatican expert and author. “John Paul II and Benedict laid the ground work; he’s taking the next logical step.”</div>
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“I think this will be a big deal for the future of the death penalty in the world,” he added. “People who work with prisoners on death row will be thrilled, and I think this will become a banner social justice issue for the church.”</div>
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Sergio D’Elia, the secretary of Hands Off Cain, <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="http://www.handsoffcain.info/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">an association</a> that works to abolish capital punishment worldwide, said, “Now even the most far-flung parish priest will teach this to young children.”</div>
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The Vatican announced the change on Thursday, publishing a letter to bishops approved by the pope in mid-June.</div>
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The letter says that Francis made the death penalty shift “ to better reflect” the clearer awareness of the church “for the respect due to every human life.”</div>
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On social media, some Catholics asked whether the Vatican had timed the announcement to deflect attention from a scandal over revelations that former cardinal Theodore McCarrick had been allowed to climb the hierarchy despite accusations made to senior church officials that he was sexually abusing his seminary students.</div>
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In the catechism promoted by St. John Paul II, <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P7Z.HTM" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">in 1992</a>, the death penalty was allowed if it was “the only practicable way to defend the lives of human beings effectively against the aggressor.”</div>
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The change on the issue has been developing for years. In 2015, four Catholic media outlets in the United States published a joint editorial calling for the abolition of the death penalty. They included the liberal-leaning National Catholic Reporter and the conservative-leaning National Catholic Register.</div>
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Many Catholics in the United States have <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/us/catholics-on-left-and-right-find-common-ground-opposing-death-penalty.html" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" title="">rallied around</a> calls to abolish the penalty.</div>
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When Francis visited the United States in 2015, he went to a prison in Pennsylvania and met with a few prisoners and their families. He also wrote a detailed letter that year to the International Commission against the Death Penalty, arguing that capital punishment “does not render justice to the victims, but rather fosters vengeance.”</div>
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In it, he made two arguments that specifically spoke to the American context: The death penalty is illegitimate because many convictions have later been found to be in error and have been overturned, and because executions of prisoners in some states have been badly botched.</div>
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Still, support for the death penalty persists in the United States among some conservative Catholics. The <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/13/us/rev-c-john-mccloskey-iii-an-opus-dei-priest-with-a-magnetic-touch.html" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" title="">Rev. C. John McCloskey III</a>, an influential teacher and confidante of countless American politicians and civic leaders, <a class="css-1g7m0tk" href="https://www.thecatholicthing.org/2015/03/16/the-traditional-case-for-capital-punishment/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #326891; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">has written</a>that the church’s doctrine “does not and never has advocated unqualified abolition of the death penalty.”</div>
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In his argument, he cited Saints John Paul II, Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. He even cited Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, who served as archbishop of Chicago, and who frequently used the term “seamless garment” to express that the church was for life, from conception to death.</div>
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Father McCloskey argued that for any human being, “it is a great grace to know the time of one’s death, as it gives us the opportunity to get right with the Lord who will judge us at our death. Perhaps many people have been saved in this way by the death penalty.”</div>
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Elisabetta Povoledo reported from Rome, and Laurie Goodstein from New York. Adam Liptak contributed reporting from Washington.</div>
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<h1 class="entry-title">
Workers’ and trade union rights in BN-ruled Malaysia (Part 2)</h1>
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By</div>
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<span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2012-08-25T20:03:37+00:00">25 Aug 2012</time></span></div>
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<span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2012-08-25T20:03:37+00:00"> </time></span></div>
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Under this pro-business BN government, trade unions have been weakened and workers’bargaining powers eroded, writes <strong>Charles Hector</strong>. <span id="more-10014"></span><br />
<figure class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_8944" style="width: 445px;"><a class="td-modal-image" href="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/workers-day-rally-2012.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-8944 td-animation-stack-type0-2" height="298" src="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/workers-day-rally-2012.jpg" title="workers-day-rally-2012" width="445" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Photograph: Jerit</figcaption></figure>
<strong>As of January 2012, the employed labour force in Malaysia was
about 12.4m. Out of this, only 798,941 workers (6.44 per cent) are
members of trade unions, of which about 53 per cent are private sector
workers, 38 per cent public sector workers, and 9 per cent workers of
statutory bodies/local authorities, after more than 50 years of
independence.</strong><br />
<br />
It is obvious that this Malaysian government has not been actively
promoting the formation of trade unions. In fact, its more recent
policies seem directed towards the weakening of trade unions. Electronic
workers, for example, have still not yet been allowed to form a
national union. The only concession made after years of struggle was
when the BN allowed the formation of four regional unions in the
Peninsula in 2010 (<em>The Star</em>, 1 May 2010).<br />
<br />
The perception amongst workers is that this government has favoured
unions that represent workers in the public sector, statutory bodies and
local authorities, who have enjoyed wage increases, cost of living
allowances (Cola) and other benefits. The primary motive, however, may
not be acknowledgement of the rights and welfare of workers; instead, it
is to woo these workers to support the Umno-led BN coalition. That
said, the perks and ‘special treatment’of these workers just prior to
elections does not necessarily translate into blind loyalty to the BN
cause. For today, the people, including workers in the public sector,
have awakened from their slumber, thanks to the availability of more
information via the alternative media and exposure to the global media.
Hence, they will vote in the upcoming elections as they please!<br />
<br />
Another reason for the declining number of workers involved in the
trade unions is the growing use of short-term contract employment,
temporary and/or casual employees at the workplace. Such short-term and
temporary employment which can be terminated by not renewing the
employment contracts have made such workers disinclined to form, let
alone join and actively participate in, trade unions. The fact that
unions often hold general meetings and elect their leaders once every
three years, further discourages short-term contract workers from active
participation in the unions.<br />
<br />
<strong>Trade union membership in Malaysia 2006-2012</strong><br />
<figure class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_10018" style="width: 445px;"><a class="td-modal-image" href="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/trade-union-membership.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-10018 td-animation-stack-type0-2" height="181" src="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/trade-union-membership.jpg" title="trade-union-membership" width="445" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Source: Department of Trade Union Affairs website</figcaption></figure>
Compounded with this is the emergence of a new class of workers
commonly known as ‘outsourced workers’, who are not considered employees
of the principal or owner of the workplaces. As such, they are not
allowed to join in-house unions or even regional/national unions. As
well, they cannot resort to Collective Agreements, since these are
agreements between employers and direct worker-employees. With no law
limiting the percentage of ‘outsourced workers’working at a particular
workplace, they can account for up to 50 per cent of total workers in
some factories.<br />
<br />
The Trade Union Act also provides that when a worker has been
terminated, he/she automatically will cease to be a member of the trade
union. At a time like this, when a worker really needs the support and
assistance of the trade union, he/she is legally deprived of union
membership.<br />
In this regard, there have been an increasing number of cases wherein
active union leaders have been dismissed. Often, the reason advanced by
their employer is that they have brought disrepute and/or insulted the
management of their employer-company – eg, Hata Wahari, the president of
the National Union of Journalists, and more recently Chen Ka Fatt and
Abdul Jamil Lalaludeen, respectively, honorary treasurer and
vice-president of the National Union of Bank Employees (Nube) were
dismissed. In the latter two cases, the Nube leaders apparently had
participated in a rally outside the United Nations building in Geneva
where they carried a banner declaring “Maybank robs poor Malaysian
workers” (Harakah, 7 Feb 2012). Workers should not be terminated, save
by reason of non-performance of their job and/or some
infringement/breach at the workplace or related to work. It is wrong to
start dismissing workers because they criticise their employers.<br />
<br />
<div style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0em;">
<div style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;">
<span class="ctaText"></span><span class="postTitle"><br /></span></div>
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<strong>Erosion of the right to permanent employment</strong><br />
<br />
Permanent employment is a basic right, essential for the well being
and welfare of workers and their families. One’s employment usually
determines where one will settle-down, buy homes and land, where onefs
children will go to school and even where onefs spouse will find
employment. With short-term contracts increasingly the practice, it is
stressful for the worker not knowing whether at the end of his contract
period, he or she will still be employed at the workplace.<br />
<br />
In our employment laws, what was clearly envisaged was permanent
employment until retirement. Accordingly, the Employment Act 1955
contains clauses that provide for gradual increases in entitlements to
annual leave, sick leave and even the calculation of termination and
lay-off benefits.<br />
<br />
Even when it comes to retrenchment, there was the Last
In First Out (LIFO) policy, that protected workers with longer periods
of service. Indeed, the law imposed the obligation on employers to first
attempt to provide alternative employment within the workplace, before
having to let an employee go.<br />
<br />
This right to permanent employment has systematically been replaced
with short-term or fixed duration contracts of employment, sometimes
less than one year, with no guarantee or safeguard of a renewal of
employment contract even if the employer still needs workers at the end
of the contract period.<br />
<br />
For those, who already are permanent employees, employers have used
various means to destroy this relationship and to replace it with
short-term contracts. One method used is the outsourcing of work to
third parties: forcing employees to leave and to enter into a new
contract with these new third party employers, or face retrenchment.<br />
<br />
Another method employed in Malaysia is the Voluntary Separation
Scheme (VSS). Ironically, many workers have lost permanent employment
and only to be re-employed by the same employer, this time as short-term
contract workers.<br />
<br />
Public sector employees also lost permanent employment with pension
rights when state entities were privatised and this continues to happen.<br />
<br />
Employers now can very easily get rid of workers who are older,
‘problematic’ (because they are demanding rights or even getting
involved in union activities), pregnant or partially disabled following
an industrial accident. Or they may just not offer them a new contract
of employment. This effectively diminishes significantly the workers’
ability to fight for better wages, working conditions and other
employment benefits.<br />
<br />
The provisions for employing temporary or casual workers also gives
the Minister the power to reduce workersf rights guaranteed by the
parent Act for these workers.<br />
<br />
Having different classes of workers at the workplace strengthens the
ability of employers to ‘divide and rule’workers – hence greater power
to control workers while eroding the workers’ability to demand better
rights.<br />
<br />
<strong>‘Bonded’ migrant workers</strong><br />
<br />
Initially, the Malaysian government created Free Trade Zones near the
bigger towns, and workers from all over the country came to work. As
time passed and wages remained low while the cost of living rose and the
quality of life declined, workers started moving back to their home
towns and new workers were less inclined to come.<br />
<br />
The government then allowed these factories to be established all
over Malaysia, especially where the workers and their families resided.
Today, there are over 200 industrial estates, free commercial zones and
free industrial zones spread all over the country.<br />
<br />
As time went on, Malaysian workers demanded higher wages and better
working conditions. Instead of facilitating these demands, the Malaysian
government came to the assistance of employers by bringing in more
controllable and cheaper labour, namely, the migrant workers, who were
obliged to work for one employer only which, invariably enabled
employers to oppress these workers. After all, if the migrant workers
were dissatisfied, the only choice they had was to quit and return to
their home country. In fact, even this is not a real option – for these
workers would have spent a lot of money and incurred debts when they
chose to come to Malaysia as migrant workers.<br />
<br />
Access
to justice is available to migrant workers just like any other worker,
but when they complain of rights violations or start using these legal
mechanisms, the response of many employers is simply termination of
their employment: work passes/visas would be cancelled, disallowing the
workers to legally remain in the country. Hence, they would lose any
right to pursue their claims in the Labour Courts or via other avenues.
If they stay on in the country ‘illegally’, they risk being arrested,
detained, charged in court, convicted, whipped, and thereafter deported.
The fact that they have valid claims or have lodged complaints in
relevant avenues for justice is irrelevant.<br />
<br />
Hence, migrant workers became a preferred source of labour for many
employers – bonded and forced to work for the one employer, so very
easily forced to work overtime, denied rest days and even public
holidays.<br />
<br />
Fortunately, there has emerged some measure of workers’ solidarity
and Malaysian workers and trade unions, including the MTUC began to
accept migrant workers as workers, and started fighting for the rights
of migrant workers too. The unions accepted migrant workers as members
of trade unions, irrespective of the fact that one of the conditions of
these migrant workers’work passes/visas denies them the freedom of
association. The unions, including the MTUC, have been ready and willing
to take the matter to court if any employer, or the Malaysian
government, contests the right of migrant workers to join unions or to
benefit from Collective Agreements.<br />
<br />
Besides migrant workers, the Malaysian government also created other
classes of workers – temporary and casual workers. Such different
categories of workers kept them divided and prevented them from joining
existing unions.<br />
<br />
<strong>Using labour without entering into employment relationship</strong><br />
<br />
In fact, short-term contract workers, migrant workers or the other
types of workers are employees of the factory and workplaces they work
in. Hence, employers have duties and obligations to ensure that the
rights and welfare of these worker-employees, as contained in existing
national laws and in collective agreements, are provided for.<br />
<br />
Alas, in 2005, the Malaysian government came up with a policy that
allowed factories and workplaces to use workers, without having to enter
into any employment relationship with these workers. A new entity was
created called ‘outsourcing agents/companies’, who would be
labour/manpower suppliers, who would be supplying workers to factories
and workplaces.<br />
Under the Private Employment Agencies Act 1971, private employment
agencies are considered the employers of these workers, and will
continue to be the employer of the workers even after they start working
in particular factories and workplaces. These workers are commonly
known as ‘outsourced workers’.<br />
<br />
In contrast, the ‘outsourcing agencies/companies’ are not considered
to be the employers of these outsourced workers. Significantly, it was
not the Ministry of Human Resources but the Ministry of Home Affairs
that issued the licence/permits to these ‘outsourcing agents/companies’.<br />
<br />
In this regard, I believe that this new Act runs contrary to the
spirit of existing laws and principles. In the beginning, this practice
applied only to migrant workers. It was later extended to cover local
workers too. Consequently, in some factories today, about 50 per cent of
the workforce is made up of these ‘outsourced workers’ who are not
employees of the factory and/or workplace. Accordingly, they cannot join
workplace unions and/or benefit from Collective Agreements either.<br />
<br />
The ‘outsourcing agents/companies’ set-up is a very profitable
business with little or no risk, even from their ‘employees’, who even
if they were to strike would not affect these labour suppliers
(‘contractors for labour’). After all, they do not run factories;
indeed, there is no work that needs to be performed in order to generate
profits. This is a form of what might be called ‘rentier capitalism’!<br />
In 2010, the Malaysian government took steps to give statutory
recognition to this unjust employment practice and relationship. They
wanted to give legal recognition to these ‘contractors for labour’ –
these labour suppliers. They wanted to confirm that the ‘contractor for
labour’ is the employer, and remains the employer of these ‘outsourced
workers’ even after they start working in the workplaces of principals.
All this was achieved, despite strong protests coming from workers,
their unions, MTUC, civil society groups not just within Malaysia but
also internationally. The amendments proposed was passed and came into
effect on 1 April 2012.<br />
<br />
The
use of ‘outsourced workers’ or outside workers at workplaces by
principals are growing, and it also happens in government-linked
companies. For example, the TNB Junior Officers Union protested in early
2012 against the employment and use of eoutsourced workersf by TNB.<br />
The Minister of Human Resources recently announced an exemption of
some (but not all) of the recent amendments concerning ‘contractor for
labour’ to all sectors except the agricultural sector. In fact, it was
just a reaffirmation of ‘contractors for labour’ and the continued use
of ‘outsourced workers’by principals who do not consider them as their
employees.<br />
<br />
There is no doubt that such arrangements run contrary to the
sentiments and principles governing employment relationships of the
International Labour Organization. Our own Employment Act also clearly
states that ‘the person or class of persons employed, engaged or
contracted with to carry out the work shall be deemed to be an employee
or employees and (a) the principal or owner of the agricultural or
industrial undertaking, constructional work, trade, business or place of
work; or (b) the statutory body or local government authority, shall be
deemed to be the employer’. Rightfully all involved in the business of
finding and supplying workers must be private employment agencies,
governed by the Private Employment Agencies Act 1971, who for their
services will be paid a fixed one-time fee. They will thereafter have no
other relationship, let alone employment relationships, with the
workers after they are accepted and start working for the principal. The
workers will then become the principalfs employees. Hence this
provision for ‘contractors for labour’ is totally against the spirit of
our own Employment Act!<br />
<br />
The MTUC and workers have continued to protest against this provision
for labour contractors. In 2012, the Malaysian Bar passed a Resolution
unanimously calling for the maintenance of a two-party employment
relationship between workers and the principal to the exclusion of all
thid parties, especially the ‘contractor for labour’. Regardless of
whether they are called labour/manpower suppliers or outsourcing
companies/agents, there must be just one class of workers – all of whom
are employees of the principal – who can join the unions at the
workplace and fight as one for better workers’ rights and benefits.<br />
<br />
<strong>The way forward</strong><br />
<br />
The BN government seems to have lost its way and abandoned its duties
and obligations to improve the rights and welfare of persons, workers
and their families. Slowly but surely workers’ and trade union rights
have been eroded. The government needs to stop being pro-employer and
pro-business, concerned only with big profits. It must do what is needed
immediately to restore the rights of workers to permanent employment
until retirement, to strengthen trade unions, which is an essential tool
for the protection and improvement of the livelihood of workers, and
most importantly to maintain the two-party employment relationship.<br />
<br />
In the upcoming elections, Malaysian workers and their families will
again have the opportunity to get rid of this BN government and let a
new coalition form a new government in the hope that a new government
will reverse this erosion of workersf and trade union rights. The
choice ultimately rests with the people and the workers. Our concern
must not be driven by self-interest based on workplace or sector,
ethnicity, nationality, religion, culture or even current political
affiliations, but by a concern for the future common good and best
interest of all persons and their families – which includes the over 10
million workers in Malaysia.<br />
<em><br />
Charles Hector is a human rights lawyer based in Temerloh. Part 1 of
this article appeared in the previous issue of Aliran Monthly.</em><br />
<br />
<em>Source: <a href="https://aliran.com/aliran-monthly/2012/2012-6/workers-and-trade-union-rights-in-bn-ruled-malaysia-part-2/" target="_blank">ALIRAN Monthly </a></em>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-86391489146974154402017-09-26T04:28:00.005-07:002017-09-26T04:28:54.049-07:00Worker and trade union rights in BN-ruled Malaysia (Part 1)<header class="td-post-title">
<h1 class="entry-title">
Worker and trade union rights in BN-ruled Malaysia (Part 1)</h1>
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By</div>
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<span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2012-07-28T10:51:22+00:00">28 Jul 2012</time></span></div>
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<span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2012-07-28T10:51:22+00:00"> </time></span></div>
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In the first of a two-part article, <strong>Charles Hector</strong> examines how a pro-business government has led to a steady weakening of workers’ rights and their welfare and livelihood. <span id="more-9809"></span><br />
<figure class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_8944" style="width: 445px;"><a class="td-modal-image" href="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/workers-day-rally-2012.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-8944 td-animation-stack-type0-1" height="298" src="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/workers-day-rally-2012.jpg" title="workers-day-rally-2012" width="445" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Photograph: Jerit</figcaption></figure>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Under the rule of the Umno-led coalition, today known as the
Barisan Nasional (BN), worker and trade union rights have suffered
significantly. </strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
‘Eight hours labour, Eight hours recreation, Eight hours rest’ is a
right that many workers in Malaysia have lost. Minimum wages, a norm in
most developed and developing countries, is something that is still
denied to Malaysian workers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Existing worker rights in law have been slowly eroded and accesses to
justice have not been made effective and simple for the workers. Even
obligations as to rights provided in law are still being taken away by
the granting of applications by employers whilst denying the fundamental
right to be heard or objections before decisions are made. Minister’s
decisions are held to be final and uncontestable in court. Workers are
being weakened when union leaders are now allegedly being dismissed
simply because they criticized their employers – not because of work
performance or work-related misconduct. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The right to permanent employment until retirement today is being
replaced by short-term fixed duration employment relationships, whereby
most of these short-term employment contracts are for one year or less,
with no guarantee of renewal. Since 2005, with the emergence of the
‘outsourcing concept’ which started for migrant workers, now expanded to
local workers, traditional just employment relationships between those
that own and control the workplace, who have work and need workers to do
the required work, is also being withered away with the introduction of
manpower/labour suppliers who now supply workers whilst continuing to
be the employers even after the said workers start working at, and for
the workplaces, factories and offices of the principal. </div>
In short, these new ‘employment relationship’ introduces a third
party and allows principals and owners to now just utilize the labour
free of employer obligations to the rights and welfare of the workers.
We shall be looking briefly at the situation of worker and trade unions
in Malaysia, but not all, to determine this current government’s
performance when it comes to worker rights and welfare.<br />
<strong><br />
Right to ‘eight hours labour, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest’ eroded</strong><br />
<br />
Action taken by stonemasons on 21 April 1856, followed by many other
worker struggles ultimately led to the establishment and maintenance of
the Eight Hour Day, that is now recognized internationally, and this
right was also given a high priority by the International Labour
Organization (ILO) since its creation in 1919. The slogan ‘Eight hours
labour, Eight hours recreation, Eight hours rest’ captures the essence
of this struggle.<br />
<br />
Likewise in Malaysia, this right is to be found in our Employment Act
1955. Any work beyond 8 hours would be construed as overtime work, and
this required the consent of the worker and also entitled the worker to
be paid extra, at a rate usually not less than one and half times his
hourly rate of pay (Section 60A 3(a) Employment Act 1955).<br />
<br />
In 1989, the government amended the law (Employment (Amendment) Act
1989 Act A716) allowing for the Minister to waive these rights as to
required hours of work, on the application of the employer, but retained
the condition that no worker is required to work for more than
forty-eight hours in one week, which subsequently was removed by yet
another amendment in 1998 (Employment (Amendment) Act 1998 Act A1026).<br />
<br />
<div style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0em;">
<a class="u19d4b579bf2bad15e064e7911e55acc9" href="https://aliran.com/thinking-allowed-online/2016-ta-online/workers-peasants-shape-socio-political-economic-order/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><div style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;">
<span class="ctaText">READ MORE:</span> <span class="postTitle">Workers, peasants should shape their socio-political, economic order</span></div>
</a></div>
What
was obviously missing was the requirement of the prior agreement of the
worker and/or the relevant union, let alone the right to be heard,
before decision are made that allowed the employer to deny workers this
long struggled for right that limits the required hours of work. The
law now provides that after that decision is made, ‘… any person who is
dissatisfied with any decision of the Director General … may, within
thirty days of such decision being communicated to him, appeal in
writing … to the Minister, and any decision or order of the Minister
shall be final, thus shutting the door to judicial review – being the
court’s authority to examine an executive or legislative act and to
invalidate that act if it is contrary to constitutional principles and
justice.<br />
<br />
There is also an absence of clear provisions in law that requires the
provision of any notice whatsoever to workers and/or their unions when
the said applications are being made by employers to the Director
General, and as such decisions are being made by the government without
workers being given the right to be heard. At present such ‘permissions’
are not even publicly and openly disclosed even in the relevant
Ministry’s website.<br />
<br />
No guidelines and/or simple forms are provided for as to how workers
can appeal these decisions, and given that the appeal must be in
writing, there being no provision of any right to be heard orally,
workers and/or unions, with no required language capabilities or
knowledge in law are certainly prejudiced by this present procedure of
protest and appeal. Remember, there are about 2 million migrant workers
in Malaysia, most of whom do not have the capacity to read and write
Bahasa Malaysia, let alone write to the Minister.<br />
<br />
The employment law provides minimum rights for all workers in
Malaysia, but these rights can so easily and ‘secretly’ be denied to
workers as the Director General of Labour permits employers to do so,
with no prior notice or right to be heard given to workers. Similar
provisions are available all over the Acts providing for various worker
rights to be taken away.<br />
<br />
As it now stands, workers may be required to work long hours, even
more than ten hours per day, and even more than 48 hours per week – so
what exactly is the limit? The employers also can require their workers
to work on rest days and even on public holidays. Some workers even have
to work on May 1st, Workers’ Day!<br />
<br />
Some companies do not stop operations, and workers are continuously
working in their respective shifts and this also prevents workers from
meeting and/or organizing unions and/or developing collective demands.
Workers on day shifts, some starting at 8.00 am and ending at 8 pm would
not even have the opportunity to go to the Labour Department to lodge
complaints, and in Malaysia most of the avenues of complaints and
justice for workers only operate during the usual working hours. The
same is the case with national/regional unions and the MTUC office,
National Human Rights Commission (SUHAKAM) and even the Legal Aid
Centres operated by the Malaysian Bar.<br />
<strong><br />
Minimum wages</strong><br />
<br />
In most developed and in some developing countries, minimum wages for
workers have long been fixed by governments and laws. India, for
example has had a Minimum Wage Act since 1948. Other examples include
Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, India, Hong Kong, United
States of America, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and United Kingdom<br />
. <br />
<div style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0em;">
<div style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;">
<span class="ctaText"></span><span class="postTitle"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<figure class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_9810" style="width: 450px;"><a class="td-modal-image" href="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/workers-wages-allowances.jpg"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-9810 td-animation-stack-type0-1" height="146" src="http://aliran.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/workers-wages-allowances-450x146.jpg" title="workers-wages-allowances" width="450" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Fast track: Average wages and allowances for local workers</figcaption></figure>
However, the Malaysian government has been avoiding the fixing of
minimum wages, despite repeated calls being made by the Malaysian Trade
Union Congress(MTUC) and workers for several decades. Even after August
2010, when the government’s own Human Resources Ministry’s study of 1.3
million Malaysian workers found that a shocking 34 percent earned below
the poverty line income of RM750 per month (<em>Malaysiakini</em>, 5 August 2010), the government has failed to recommend a minimum wage.<br />
<br />
At the same time, the government continued to implement measures,
including reducing subsidies, that resulted in an even higher cost of
living. Then suddenly, just before the upcoming 13th General Elections,
the prime minister announced on Labour Day 2012, that he would be
implementing a minimum wage policy.<br />
<br />
The Malaysian government, obviously committed to neo liberalism and
free trade is perceived to be pro-employer, inclined to ensure that cost
of labour is kept low and workers in Malaysia are ‘problem-free’ – all
this allegedly to keep Malaysia competitive so as to attract foreign
direct investments into the country.<br />
<br />
Paradoxically, the Malaysian government may have interfered with
market forces that might have improved wages, work benefits and
conditions of workers by the introduction of migrant workers, temporary
and casual workers into the labour market. However, these workers
related policies and laws might have had the effect of weakening the
bargaining rights of workers and unions.<br />
<strong><br />
Stagnation of workers’ righrts and erosion of justice for workers</strong><br />
<br />
The Malaysian government seems to have failed to improve workers’
access to justice too. If an employer cheats the worker by non-payment
of agreed wages, overtime and/or makes wrongful deductions, the worker
who succeeds in the Labour Department or Court at the end of the day
only gets the amount that he was deprived of, not even additional
interest or cost including the cost of transportation, the cost of
taking leave and hence loss of daily wages when he attends court, and
the cost of a lawyer and/or union representatives. When workers want to
meet and seek advice or help even from MTUC officials, workers allegedly
have to pay them a nominal sum of about RM60 per meeting. At the end of
the day, for the lowly paid worker, it becomes more practical that they
do not claim their rights. Hence the errant employer gets off
scot-free.<br />
<br />
For employers, the law favors them for even when it is proven that
they have violated worker rights, all that is required of them is to pay
the worker what they should have originally paid their workers. As an
example, section 100(1) of the Employment Act states:<br />
<blockquote>
Any employer who fails to pay any of his employees wages
for work done by his employee on a rest day or pays wages less than the
rate provided under section 60 commits an offence, and shall also, on
conviction, be ordered by the court before which he is convicted to pay
to the employee concerned the wages due for work done on every rest day
at the rate provided under section 60, and the amount of such wages
shall be recoverable as if it were a fine imposed by such court.</blockquote>
This certainly is not just and does not deter employers from breaking
the law. It would have been more just and a deterrent if the errant
employer is ordered to pay at least 3 times the sum that he cheated the
worker.<br />
<br />
In
the Employment Act, there is also no provision that protects workers
who complain or access the avenues of justices, from being terminated
and/or discriminated by reason of the fact that he is claiming rights
against the employer. It is thus not uncommon that workers who complain
or claim rights are summarily terminated; for the migrant worker, it is
worse! For a termination will also be the loss of the legal right to
remain in the country to claim or to continue pursuing their claims
compounded with the fact that migrant worker will also not be allowed to
work with any other employer even if he is allowed to stay.<br />
<br />
Discrimination based on gender also occurs as when the courts
recently affirmed practice of a company that had different retirement
ages for men and women workers. Indeed, the Government was silent
despite the fact that this certainly goes against our own Federal
Constitution which guarantees equality to men and women performing the
same job.<br />
<strong><br />
Industrial courts – Only court which requires Minister’s permission</strong><br />
<br />
When it comes to workers claiming wrongful dismissal seeking
reinstatement, they have to lodge their complaint at the Industrial
Relations Department(IRD), and if the dispute cannot be resolved, it is
then referred to the Minister who has the power to decide whether the
case be referred to the Industrial Court for trial or not. The issue is:
why should the Minister’s permission be needed? For when a matter
cannot be resolved between employee and employer at the IRD, it should
immediately br referred to the Industrial Court. An additional hurdle in
a worker’s quest for justice is unnecessary; it may also be
discriminatory.<br />
<br />
The law also provides that if any party is dissatisfied with the
decision of the Minister, they may go to the High Court to challenge
that decision. But unlike the Labour Courts and Industrial Courts, the
High Court will award cost against the losing party, and this can be
high and for the ordinary worker, who has been wrongfully dismissed,
this may be an added financial risk which is unaffordable. The pursuit
of justice in any court, I believe, requires the removal of all monetary
risks.<br />
<br />
As of February 2008, workers successful in their claim for wrongful
dismissal saw the entitlement to wages and benefits, drastically slashed
when in lieu of reinstatement all they could get was limited to a
maximum of 24 months wages, based on their last drawn salary, less a
percentage of post-dismissal earnings. Prior to this, their entitlement
was for wages and benefits from date of dismissal until judgment and
other matters. This was certainly an anti-worker amendment to the
Employment Act.<br />
<br />
There is still no Industrial Courts in Pahang, Trengganu, Kelantan,
Kedah, Perlis, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Selangor. Why did this
government not ensure that there are Industrial Courts in all major and
medium sized towns, preferably no further than 50 kilometers from the
workplace to ensure easy access to justice for workers. Today, after 50
over years since independence, we see Industrial Courts only in Kuala
Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. <br />
<br />
<em>Charles Hector, an Aliran member, is a human right lawyer based in Temerloh. Part 2 will appear in the next issue.</em><br />
<br />
<em>Source: <a href="https://aliran.com/aliran-monthly/2012/2012-5/worker-and-trade-union-rights-in-bn-ruled-malaysia-part-1/" target="_blank">ALIRAN </a></em>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-90162412428675574902017-09-26T04:23:00.000-07:002017-09-26T04:23:12.920-07:00HISTORY OF THE LABOUR MOVEMENT IN MALAYSIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> HISTORY
OF THE LABOUR MOVEMENT IN MALAYSIA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(From British Colonialism, Independence…)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">- Charles Hector </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
Malaysia, the trade union movement seems to be weakening and the number of
unions and union membership has not only stagnated but is also decreasing. Of
the about 14.6 million workers, there are only about 924,961 workers that are
union members in 2017. In the private sector, union membership has been
declining from about 376,362 in 2014, to about 354,313 in 2017.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Trade
Unions have been controlled by laws, first imposed by the British colonial
government, which was continued post-independence by UMNO dominated coalition
government – today known as the Barisan Nasional. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Malaysian
trade union and worker laws fall far short of minimum international standards,
so much so when Malaysia wanted to be part of the Trans Pacific Partnership
Agreement (TPPA), one of the pre-conditions was that Malaysia makes significant
amendments to its existing labour laws to make it more at par with minimum
human rights and worker rights standards. The TPPA may be no more, and still
there has been no amendments done yet. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
there is a violation of worker/trade union rights, sadly Malaysian unions still
do not choose to struggle through pickets, strikes or campaigns against
employers – but rather choose to simply lodge complaints with the relevant
government institutions, which leads to court actions, which may also go
through the appeal process lasting for many years. Sometimes, even when workers
and unions do win, the remedies are lame and it really has no impact on
employers and/or instrumental in bringing changes in laws. Employers are very happy
with the state of affairs, for this method of resolution of ‘industrial
dispute’ do not really impact its business and profits – the only victims are
workers and unions. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What
has happened to the trade union movement is an acceptance of the ‘limitations’
imposed on them by the authorities, and a choice of surviving within that
‘limited space’ with a strong adherence to the law, even if that law is unjust.
There is also very little effort to reach out to the Malaysian public and/or
even Member of Parliaments, State Assemblypersons and/or Senators for help in
the fight for justice. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Since
1998, Malaysians generally have become braver, and have started coming out in much
larger numbers in peaceful assemblies to protest wrongdoings and demand changes
– but alas, this has not moved the trade union movement or workers to do the
same – despite the continued erosion of worker and trade union rights.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
absence of a progressive, dynamic and new breed of worker leaders may also be a
factor. Current existing union leaders seem to have been compromised – worried
more for about the de-registration of unions, or maybe really their own
financial security and their union employees. Struggle for better rights and
justice always will have an element of risk, and unless unions and their
leaders are brave enough to fight for justice and rights, then things will not
change.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Union
leaders have also forgotten how to use their biggest asset, being the large
numbers of workers acting in solidarity. Now, unions leaders today, many a time
choose to act alone, in a representative capacity – but most employers and the
government are really not at all worried because they believe that Malaysian
unions are weak, and these leaders really do not have the capacity of even moving
their membership to act collectively. Even when pickets are done, sadly the
number of union members that come out and participate is such a small percentage
of the union membership. The last few large pickets and/or protests that
happened in Malaysia was done by migrant workers, and many of them were not
even unionized. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What
happened in Malaysian Airlines, when the company decided to get rid of about
6,000 workers is an indication of the state of the labour movement. These were
all mostly unionized workers, and the union/s affected had more than 10,000
member(maybe even closer to 20,000), but there was not a single mass protest or
picket involving thousands of union members that happened. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
appreciate what happened to the Malaysian trade union movement, which was at
one time very strong, we need to recall the history of the labour movement in
Malaya, particularly before the subjugation of the labour movement by the
British. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC), sadly is a creature of British
manipulation, emerging after the stronger Unions, Federation of Unions and worker
leaders were suppressed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
would after expected that the MTUC and the Malaysian labour movement would have
resurrected after Malaysia gained independence from the British in 1957, but
sadly that did not happen. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
time moves on, workers themselves forget the past, and how strong the labour
movement was at one time in the history of Malaysia. This lack of historical
knowledge, and lack of education and empowerment of workers and union members
by existing ‘leaders’ keeps unions weak. For many workers today, union is
simply a ‘subscription’ deducted automatically from their salary by employers
and transmitted to their unions, and the little benefit that they get from
Collective Bargaining Agreements, which are usually salary increments and
bonuses. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Union
now also seldom have regular meetings for its members, if at all, which has
been proven to be essential for the strengthening of solidarity, enhancing
knowledge of members and generally strengthening unions. The lack of involving
members in decision making and union actions, has also developed in an overall
lack of interest in unions. The lack of development of new leaders is
problematic, and we find the same old people retaining union leadership
position for years and years.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Things
need to change, if unionism and the labour movement in Malaysia is to become
stronger and effective, but standing in the way sadly are sometimes the
existing leaders of unions. It is easy to blame government and existing laws,
but if workers and unions are not ready to fight for better rights together as
a union, then there will not be any improvement – and rights and ‘hurdles’ in
law will simply continue to increase. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
union way must be the ‘union way’ – a struggle together with all workers
standing together, and not a representative struggle of one or two leaders
alone, without the participation or support of the rest of union members. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So,
let us recall the history of the strong labour movement in Malaysia and what
happened.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MALAYSIAN
LABOUR MOVEMENT WAS INVOLVED IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The fact that the Malaysian
trade unions movement played a significant role in the political, economic and
socio-cultural life of Malaysia has been forgotten by many. The labour movement
did actively struggle for independence from the British colonial powers, and
contributed significantly even in the determination of the future of Malaysia –
including also the drafting of the Malaysian Constitution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But
alas, all that was in the past, and the trade unions have been systematically
weakened and isolated from involvement in the life of the nation, first by the
British colonial masters and thereafter by the UMNO-led coalition that has
governed Malaysia since independence. This weakening, nay annihilation, of the
labour movement still continues on today by the actions and/or omissions of a
government that seem to not just have embraced neo-liberalism, but is also seen
today as being pro-business. Government owned and controlled companies, of
late, also is seen to be violating worker rights.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
future of the labour movement in Malaysia now depends on the workers and the
trade unions, who really must appreciate the history of the Malaysian labour
movement and decide whether they would want to struggle to make the labour
movement once again strong and relevant, or just allow the slow withering away
of not just the movement but also worker and trade union rights. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ORIGINS OF UNION – PROTECTION AND PROMOTIONS OF RIGHTS</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Worker
alone is weak but workers united are strong. Workers have always naturally come
to a realization that only together as workers will they be able to fight and
get better rights and justice at their workplace. As such, more likely than not,
there have been organized worker solidarity actions in one form or another ever
since there have been workers in Malaysia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For
Malaysia, the advent of worker struggle would have been in the rubber
plantations and the tin mines, whose labour was primarily workers of Indian and
Chinese origins – a reality when then the Malay worker resisted working in such
mines and plantations, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>choosing rather self
employment, small businesses, farming, fishing and the civil service. The majority
of the workers in the civil service were Malay.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">General Labour Unions (GLUs) and unions</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
origin of organized labour in the form of worker unions in Malaysia dates back
to the 1920s. Workers then, who were primarily of Chinese and Indian origins in
the private sector and Malay workers in the civil service formed what was known
as General Labour Unions (GLUs). The GLU membership was generally open to any
worker, with no restrictions to any particular industry, sector or workplace,
unlike what we have today in Malaysia. GLUs were generally formed in different
geographical areas all around Malaya. It attracted many workers and was strong.
In the struggle for rights, history shows that many actions were taken
including strikes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
labour movement then was not restricted to merely employer-employee matters,
but also played an active role in the political, economic and socio cultural
life of the country. The labour movement, together with other pro-independence
groups, was also actively involved in the struggle for independence from the
British. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were also active in the
struggle against Japanese occupation forces during World War II. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An
example of a union then was the Selangor Engineering Mechanics Association,
which was registered in 1928, maybe one of the first registered trade union.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
GLUs and many of the unions also started coming together as coalitions and
federations – and finally into the Pan Malayan General Labour Union(PMGLU) and
the Singapore GLU.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">British Moves to Weaken Labour Movement – Laws &
Other Strategies</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
British colonial powers, worried about the growing labour movement, decided to try
to control and influence it. The British colonial government <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were especially concerned about the perceived
influence that the Malaysian Communist Party (MCP) and other pro-independence
groups had in the labour movement. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Methods
the British employed to weaken and control the labour movement included the enactment
of laws like the Trade Union Ordinance of 1940, and through the appointment of
the Trade Union Advisor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trade Union Ordinance and Laws – Registration and Control</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One
of the primary objects of this Trade Union Ordinance was to stabilise the
labour situation in the interest of increasing production to sustain Britain's economy
and its war efforts. It was not concerned about worker or trade union rights.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Malayan economy, at that time, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was
geared to support the wartime needs of Britain. As such labour and trade union
rights, and struggles for <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>better rights
that existed, had to be suppressed and subordinated to what the British
considered more important – Imperial Defence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Malaya then was considered the ‘dollar
arsenal’ for the British empire, and the 1940 Ordinance was enacted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for the purpose of ensuring a continued flow
of revenue to the British empire.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
stated object in the title of this 1940 Ordinance was, ``<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Enactment for the Registration
and Control of Trade Unions''. Its declared purpose was the fostering of ``the
right kind of responsible leadership amongst workers and at the same time to
discourage or reduce such influence as the professional agitators may have had
and to reduce the opportunities or the excuse for the activities of such
persons.''<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i></b>It was clearly to weaken the existing labour movement, and transform existing
trade unions and union leadership into what the British wanted. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
existing worker solidarity was to be destroyed, and a ‘divide and weaken’
policy was the object. Private sector workers were to be separated from public
sector workers, and workers from different industry and sectors were to be kept
apart. The role of unions were to be limited to simply ‘industrial relations’
matters – matters between workers and employers only. Unions were no longer
allowed to be involved in matters concerning the nation – including the
struggle for independence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
new 1940 <i>Trade Union Ordinance</i> now required that unions in Malaya had to
be registered (or rather re-registered), and this meant an application to the
government, government approval and registration. This allowed the government
not to re-register some of the stronger unions, and federation of unions across
different sectors/industry. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As
such, the new law prevented government (or public sector) employees and private
sector employees belonging to the same union. The affiliation of unions to
other classes of unions was also prevented. Restriction was also imposed on the
usage of union funds. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
registration rules were somewhat restrictive; for instance government employees
and non-government employees could not anymore belong to the same union or even
to affiliate itself to unions of other classes of workers. Union funds usage
was also restricted - it could no longer be used for a variety of other
purposes including political purposes. Under these rules, all the existing GLUs
(or even other Federation of Unions across different sectors, industry or
occupation) were un-registerable and therefore could no longer operate legally.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
new Trade Union Ordinance and laws that came into force in 1946 effectively killed
the GLUs, who could no longer be registered (or re-registered) under the new
law, and as such could no more able to operate legally. It also killed off many
stronger unions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
is of interest was that this new policy and laws did not apply to the union
movement in Britain and the United Kingdom, just for Malaysia. British unions
to date are still involved in the political struggles, and even political
parties like the Labour Party, in the United Kingdom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pan Malaysian General Labour Union (PMGLU) - Pan Malayan
Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
1947, the Pan Malayan General Labour Union, which was established in 1946, who
later changed its name to Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU), boasted
a membership of 263,598, and this represented more than half the total
workforce in Malaysia. 85 percent of all existing unions were part of the PMFTU<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
attitude of the Malayan worker was more assertive during this period; for
instance, "A strike was reported of Chinese and Indian hospital workers
because they no longer wanted to be addressed as 'boy' . . . .", and
workers began to see their subjection to physical punishments as unacceptable.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="reference-text"> "Tamil trade unionists refused to suffer any longer
the use of the derogatory term 'Kling'. Estate workers no longer dismounted
from their bicycles when a <i>dorai</i>, or planter, passed by."</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="reference-text"> In short, unions concern went beyond limited industrial
relations matters or employee-employer matters concerning work rights and
working conditions.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
British Colonial Government wanted to crush this this development, and the ever
strengthening labour movement, decided to ‘reconstruct’ the organized labour
movement in Malaysia and Singapore. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While
the Singapore Trade Union Adviser, S.P.Garett, allowed the Singapore GLU (SGLU)
to reorganize as a Federation and operate legally without registering which led
to the formation of the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions (SFTU) in August
1946. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In
Malaya, however, the then Trade Union Adviser John Alfred<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brazier, did not want the same for Malaya –
he did not want the PMGLU to be recognized or continue to exist. He ruled that
all the branch unions had to register, and that thereafter there be no
relationship between any of the newly registered unions with the PMGLU (that
later came to be known as the PMFTU). The registered unions were not allowed to
seek guidance or remit funds to PMFTU. This created problems for the PMFTU,
that ultimately led to its demise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Trade Union Ordinance <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>required the
registration(or re-registration) of Trade Unions according to sector or
industry, and this allowed the government to deny registration to unions they
considered strong, unacceptable and/or ‘militant unions’ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Until
the proclamation by the British colonial authorities of the state of
"Emergency" in Malaya and Singapore in 1948, most of the plantation
trade unions and federations of plantation trade unions in Malaya were
affiliated to the PMFTU. It is of interest, that the British may have
considered the PMFTU as a bigger threat than even the Communist Party of
Malaya(CPM), for the PMFTU was outlawed even before the CPM was.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trade Union Adviser </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another
method that was employed by the British, was to try and influence the Trade Unions,
and to this end in 1945, a British Trade Unionist, John Alfred Brazier, was
appointed by the government as Trade Union Adviser. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>English educated middle class individuals were
groomed and trained to replace the then existing progressive worker leadership
of trade unions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the targeted
unions were the Plantation Worker Unions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
government appointed trade union adviser whose objective was not to strengthen
but rather to weaken the labour movement in Malaya which included to eliminate
its role in the political, socio-economic and cultural life of the nation, and
narrowly restrict its activities to ‘industrial relations’, that is the
disputes between employers and workers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
was unnatural development as workers are also citizens and human persons who
live in the country. Who wins the Federal, State and Local government elections
is material – the wrong people and parties may mean anti-worker and anti-trade
union policies and laws. This restriction did lead to further erosion of worker
rights and the power of negotiation for better terms. If water, basic amenity and
the cost of living go up, it also has a direct impact on the lives of the
worker and their families, and to bar unions and workers from taking up or
speaking on such issues were absurd. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
must not be forgotten that workers and their unions had played a very significant
role in the struggle for independence of Malaya from the British colonial
government. They also played a significant role in developing the Constitution
of Malaya - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>now Malaysia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
PMFTU, Clerical Unions of Penang, Malacca, Selangor and Perak, and the Peasant's
Union were a part of the <b>Pan-Malayan Council of Joint Action</b> (PMCJA),
with Tan Cheng Lock as chairman and Gerald de Cruz as Secretary-General, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a>
who actively campaigned on matters concerning the Malaysian Constitution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
must be reiterated that what the British did to the trade unions in Malaysia
was contrary to the accepted position and role of trade unions in England. To
this day, trade unions in the United Kingdom continue to play an active role in
the political life until today, being still very much affiliated to the Labour
Party. The manner in which the British treated the labour movement in Malaya
and Singapore, was not at all the same the way they treated their own labour
movement in Britain. In Malaysia, the object was clearly ‘union busting’ for
the benefit of employers and businesses, most of which were British owned or
controlled. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other Laws – Crackdown on the Labour Movement</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Besides
the new labour laws, The British colonial government also used other laws to
suppress or carry out ‘union busting’, a term we use today.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1947,
the ordinary trespassing law was used to keep union organisers from meeting and
speaking with workers in plantations. For instance in late March 1947, a large
police force came to the Dublin estate in Kedah to arrest a Federation of
Trades Unions official for trespassing as he was speaking to a group of workers
there. When the workers closed ranks around the official, the police opened
fire, killing one worker and wounding five<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In a
clash at the Bedong estate on 3 March 1947, between police and workers, 21 workers
were injured; whereby "the strike leader died of injuries received at the
hands of the police a few days later". 61 of these workers were charged
and sentenced to six months' imprisonment.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
existing law then was that workers could not be terminated just for exercising
their right to strike – which was a worker’s right. But in October 1947, the
Supreme Court in the case of three woman rubber tappers who were contesting in
court that their dismissal for striking was wrong, the court ruled that
striking was a breach of contract and that the dismissal was justified. This
was a major change of law and policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Unionist
were also convicted for intimidation. In November 1947 S. Appadurai,
vice-president of the Penang Federation of Trade Unions and chairman of the
Indian section of the Penang Harbour Labour Association was charged for having
written to an employer warning him against using ‘blacklegs’. ‘Backlegs’ are <span class="hvr">persons</span> <span class="hvr">who</span> <span class="hvr">acts</span>
<span class="hvr">against</span> <span class="hvr">the</span> <span class="hvr">interests</span>
<span class="hvr">of</span> <span class="hvr">a</span> <span class="hvr">trade</span>
<span class="hvr">union</span> <span class="hvr">by</span> <span class="hvr">continuing</span>
<span class="hvr">to</span> <span class="hvr">work</span> <span class="hvr">during</span>
<span class="hvr">a</span> <span class="hvr">strike,</span> <span class="hvr">or</span>
<span class="hvr">taking</span> <span class="hvr">over</span> <span class="hvr">a</span>
<span class="hvr">striker's</span> <span class="hvr">job during a strike</span>. In
law then and before this, it was wrong for employers to use ‘backlegs’ when
workers are on strike. However, in this case, the said union leader was found
guilty and sent to prison. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In
January 1948, K. Vanivellu, secretary of the Kedah Federation of Rubber Workers
Unions was charged for having written to an employer asking him to reinstate 14
workers who had been dismissed for striking and suggesting that if he did not,
the remaining workers might leave the job.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hence,
various other laws and the courts were also used wrongly, for the purpose of
union busting pursuant to the new British policy to weaken the labour movement
in Malaysia,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">New Amendments to the Trade
Union Ordinance - 1948</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
Trade Union Ordinance, was again amended to weaken unions. New amendments to
the Trade Union Ordinance were passed by the Federal Legislative Council on 31
May 1948. The amendments were in three parts. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
first stipulated that a trade union official must have at least three years
experience in the industry concerned. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
second prohibited anyone convicted of certain criminal offenses (notably
intimidation and extortion, which were common charges against unionists) from
holding trade union office. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
third stated that a Federation could only include workers from one trade or
industry<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[viii]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
first provision was seen as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"a
measure designed to exclude educated 'outsiders'.”, It also created problems
because many workers worked different industry and sector because work then available
during that time was not permanent – more of a seasonal or transient nature. It
is like what is happening now, with the use of the precarious short term
contracts, where after the end of contracts, workers have no choice to find
another job – more often than not in a different industry and sector.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
third part that insisted that a Federation could only include workers from one
trade or industry effectively killed the PMFTU and even the SFTU. This divided
private sector workers further, and it also affected public sector workers –
because it prevented workers from different sectors and industries from coming
together and fighting for better rights and common issues.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PMFTU outlawed in June 1948</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On
12 June 1948, the British colonial government finally outlawed PMFTU. This is
interesting considering the fact that only later in July 1948, was the
Malaysian Communist Party and other left wing groups made illegal. Can we say
that for the British colonial government, the bigger concern or threat was the
labour movement and unions - not the Communist party?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many
of the leaders of the labour movement were arrested, charged, convicted and
sentenced. S.A. Ganapathy, for example, who was the first President of the
300,000-strong Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions (PMFTU), was hanged by
the British in May 1949. He was said to be on the way to the police to
surrender a firearm he found, when he was arrested by the police and sentenced
to hang in Pudu Jail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Council of Trade Unions – Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Effectively,
the British colonial government succeeded in crushing the labour movement in
Malaya. With the requirement of registration, and the powers vested in the
Registrar of Trade Unions, the government could now eliminate the stronger
‘trouble maker’ trade unionist and trade unions, and break up the labour
movement according to sectors/industries – divide and rule.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In January
1949, there only remained 163 registered Trade Unions with a total membership
of only 68,814. In comparison, PMFTU had a membership of about 263,598 – which
represented more than 50% of the total workforce.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
Council of Trade Unions was formed and they organized the Conference of Malayan
Trade Union Delegates on 27-28 February 1949, and this gave birth to what is today
known as the Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC), </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Now,
since the amended new trade union laws prohibited the formation of Federation
of Trade Unions from different trades, sectors and industry, MTUC could not be
registered as a Trade Union or a Federation of Trade Unions, and had to be
registered under the Societies Act as a society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1957 – Independent Malaya
& Continued Weakening of the Labour Movement</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On
31<sup>st</sup> August 1957, Malaya got its independence from the British but
alas the position of the new UMNO-led coalition government that ruled since
then until now did not defer much from their past British colonial masters. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysia
may have gained independence, but alas workers and trade unions continued to be
denied independence. They continued to be oppressed and suppressed, by the
UMNO-led government – who adopted and continued the British ‘divide and rule’
policy and laws, and the restrictions and control with regard to trade union
activities, trade union funds and even trade union leadership restrictions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
struggle for independence of Malaysia took many forms ranging from armed
struggle to diplomatic negotiations, and for some the handing over power to the
UMNO-led coalition was not real independence, and some continued to struggle
on. UMNO-BN government, and some leaders, continues to be confused as to who
were fighting to gain our independence from – the British or the Communist
Party of Malaya(and others). Members of the police and military serving the
British colonial government are shockingly still seen as ‘heroes of
independence’, and the recent invitation of 31 British army veterans to
participate in the 2017 Independence Day celebration highlights this continued
confusion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some
suggest that the British choice in handing over power to the UMNO led
coalition, a ‘friend’, was basically to ensure the protection of British owned
companies and assets, and the continued flow of resources and profits from
Malaysia to Britain. All these may not matter, as we now accept that Malaysia
is an independent state. What matters is that workers, unions and the labour
movement continue to be oppressed and/or stifled even many years after
independence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
role and influence of the labour movement in socio-economic and political life
and future of the nation continues to be slowly eroded as the current government’s
policy is perceived to be pro-businesses and employers. A greater concern seems
to be to ensure smooth unhindered operation of business and profits, something
that may not change soon as the government too now are employers in the growing
number of government owned and/or controlled private businesses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Labour Movement today and in the future</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysia continues with a ‘divide and rule’ policy of the
trade union movement – permitting only unions based on occupation, sector and
industry, and disallowing the formation of unions or federation of unions
across different sectors, industry and occupation. Private sector workers and
public sector workers are still prevented from belonging to common unions.
Malaysian Trade Union Congress(MTUC) and CUEPACS continue to be <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>registered as societies. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Control of the trade union movement, union and worker rights
and powers, was then justified as Malaysia needed to attract the foreign
investor to set up factories, and hence make available more jobs and income for
Malaysia. Low wages and a passive workforce makes Malaysia attractive, and the
fact that there has been no strikes for almost 4 or more decades is seen as
positive. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Well, such justifications may be good for businesses and
maybe even Malaysia, but it certainly is not helping workers – their wages
still remain low, and their rights continue to be eroded. A perusal of laws,
will see that the UMNO-BN government has been continuously eroding worker
rights through various amendments of existing laws, and even new laws. In a
previous article entitled, ‘Worker and trade union rights in BN-ruled Malaysia’,
I have dealt with this erosion of rights.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Worker rights education is also not a priority, and it is
not even in our education curriculum. Hence, many workers are not even aware of
existing rights in Malaysia, and more importantly how they can claim it. The
government also is not bothered in the inspection and enforcement of worker and
trade union rights, safe maybe occupational safety and health rights. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A perusal of the regular Ministry of Human Resources Statistics
on Employment and Labour (Statistik Pekerjaan dan Perburuhan) provides no
figures of the number of inspection and enforcement of worker and trade union
rights, save for matters concerning occupational safety and health, eventhough
the law provides for the power of inspection and enforcement to these rights,
and this sadly suggests that Malaysia may not even be interested in protecting
existing worker and trade union rights. These inspection must be done randomly,
and/or based on receipt of information. To not act until <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>worker victims to lodge formal complaints, in
this Malaysian working environment, when many employers easily tend to
terminate workers who lodge formal complaints is not reasonable – like other
rights, inspection and enforcement must be done randomly or on receipt of
information of alleged violations coming from any sources.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Union busting continues. Union Presidents and leaders are
easily terminated for issuing public statements. Union members are terminated
for sending memorandum to election candidates to get their commitment to
struggle for better worker rights. Workers participating in legal pickets are
arrested for ‘making noise’. Union registration, and ‘recognition’ processes
are delayed, not expedited, not just by government bodies, but also by allowing
long drawn out litigations initiated by employers in court challenging even
Minister’s decisions. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysia finally introduced ‘Minimum Wage’, which today
is RM1,000 a month, which is absurd when the government itself acknowledge that
families with income less that RM4,000 are in need of government assistance,
the BR1M(Bantuan Rakyat 1Malaysia). Logically, assuming a family unit has 2
income earners, the Minimum Wage should really be set at RM2,000. Again, even
here, there was not only delays granted to employers, but also a lack of
enforcement against errant employers.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unions remain weak, for even when about 6,000 out of
about 20,000 employees of the Malaysian Airlines, whereby the majority were
unionized workers, were terminated, there was not even a single mass protest or
legally permissible picket by these unions.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hence, the labour movement in Malaysia may have
successfully been weakened, and the reasons may not simply been the laws and
government policies – but also a weak fearful union leadership and members. The
unwillingness of workers and unions to stand for their rights and fight for
better worker and trade union rights is a major problem – no struggle will mean
no improvement. To depend solely on the government to bring about improvement
of rights is foolish, when victims fail to highlight and campaign.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysia’s worker and trade union laws, fall short of
existing international standards. This became evident recently, when as a
precondition of being the part of the TPPA(Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement),
the United States of America insisted significant amendments to Malaysian
worker and trade union laws. It is good that some countries, as a matter of
policy and law, today have adopted a policy that they will not enter into
agreements and/or trade agreements with countries that do not at the very least
have a minimum standard of human rights and worker rights. In response,
Malaysia started reviewing with the intending of amending labour laws, and it
is hoped that this will still be done despite that fact the TPPA may be no
more.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is rather confusing, embarrassing and sad that some
trade union leaders in Malaysia still consider Trade Union Adviser John Alfred<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brazier, one of the tools used by the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>British to carry out ‘union busting’ of the Malaysian
labour movement in the 1940s, as the father of Trade Unionism in Malaysia. But
then, of late, some unions have gone beyond just focusing on employer-employee
issues, into addressing other more pressing concerns of socio-economic, politic
and cultural issues affecting the nation – like the increase of cost of living
brought about by the introduction of new taxation law like the GST, and
government failures possibly also kleptocracy and corruption that have caused
significant losses of monies, and has also impacted the economy of the country. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MTUC and other trade unions, also did in the past endorse
and campaign for some candidates contesting in the General Elections, that saw
the UMNO-BN government reacting and removing temporarily the MTUC from its
position as the body representing workers in Malaysia and at the
ILO(International Labour Organisation). </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There will always be risks in the struggle for rights,
and the question now is what will Malaysian workers and trade unions do –
remain in the role that the British Colonial Government wanted, which seems
also the same as what the present UMNO-BN government wants, or will they wake
up and fight for better worker and trade union rights – and a re-emergence of a
strong labour movement in Malaysia?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Without highlighting wrongs, violations and struggles for
better rights, issues and concerns will not be known to others, so there will
also be no pressure on government/s and employers to protect and improve worker
and trade union rights in Malaysia. Will even the election manifestos and
policy of the political parties in Malaysia contain any commitment to the
improving of rights and the strengthening of the labour movement? Will workers
and unions choose to continue to remain in the ‘restricted space’ provided for
them by the British colonial government and now the UMNO-BN government, or will
they finally break out and regain some their old glory, strength, power and
relevance? </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are about 14.6 million workers in a country of
about 30 million plus, and as such they do have much power and say in not just
the future of the labour movement, but also Malaysia. It is sad when just about
100,000 Felda setters and their families can make their rights and welfare a
major national concern, and the so much more workers and union members cannot. </span></b></div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> The first of a two-part series on the trade union movement in
Malaysia by Dr Leong Yee Fong</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <b>The Institutional Approach to Labour and Development </b> edited
by Klárá Fóti, Laurids Lauridsen, Gerry Rodgers, Published by Frank Cass &
Co Ltd</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, p.168</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="reference-text">Harper cites E.A. Ross, minute, 10
February 1946, and LAB/92/47</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="citation">Tribune Staff Reporter (23 December 1946).
"K.L. Forms New 'Action Council'". <i>The Malayan Tribune</i>.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, p.178</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, p.178. He cites <i>Straits Times</i>,
5 March and 8 March 1947.</span></span></div>
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<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[viii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="reference-text">The amendments are described in Morgan,
pp.185,6; and Stenson, f.n., p.8. Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstances_prior_to_the_Malayan_Emergency#cite_note-49</span></span></div>
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WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-91034806461750126942017-02-19T13:32:00.004-08:002017-02-19T13:32:31.056-08:00INFINEON must stop discrimination against Union leaders and Reinstate Union President?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Joint <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Statement – 31/1/2017</u></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">INFINEON MUST STOP UNION BUSTING AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST UNION
LEADERS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Reinstate Zulfadlee Thye Abdullah, President of Infineon Technologies
Melaka Workers Union</span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">55</b> undersigned organisations and trade union are shocked to hear
about the wrongful termination of Muhammad Zulfadlee Thye Bin Abdullah, the
President of the Infineon Technologies Malaysia Workers Union (Kesatuan Pekerja
Pekerja Infineon Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd) at INFINEON in Malacca, which is said
to be the largest assembly of INFINEON with a workforce of about 8000
people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zulfadlee, an employee since
1998, has been the President of the Union<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>since 2005.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">INFINEON is a German Company that
produces, amongst others, electronic and auto components, which are said to be
used by major Brands including Apple, BOSCH, Philips, Microsoft, Hewlette
Packard, Dell and Continental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On 13/12/2016, Zulfadlee was
terminated on the grounds that he ‘</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">committed
the act of malingering’, with reference to a sick leave obtained on 18/10/2016
from a doctor, Dr Aw Cheng Yew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klinik Melaka, which is a panel clinic of the
Employer. The basis of the allegation seems to be because he was present at an
activity of the Selangor Division of the Malaysian Trade Union
Congress(MTUC)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Putrajaya on the same
date when he was on sick leave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such,
one may assume that maybe the charge was simply pretending to be sick (or
faking illness) for the purpose of avoiding work or duty. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It must
be stated that the reason for termination used was not an employment misconduct
stated in INFINEON Technologies (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd’s document entitled Policy
for Misconduct and Disciplinary. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Further,
the word ‘malingering’ is not a commonly used word, and as such many are
unaware of the meaning of that word. To compound matters, in this case, the
word ‘malingering’ allegedly was never even clearly explained to Zulfadlee,
whose mother tongue is the Malay language. When such English words are used in
a charges levied against a worker, and then not explained clearly, it will have
a tendency to be confusing and may result in injustice. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In law, </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Zulfadlee
was entitled to 22 days of paid sick leave every year, and it must be pointed
out that he was examined by a qualified doctor who concluded that he was entitled
to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sick leave, and a medical
certificate was signed and issued by the said doctor. A sick leave is given
only when the doctor, after examining decides a worker is not medically fit to
perform his/her duties at work. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">There was no question of Zulfadlee
lying or pretending to be sick, for on the subsequent day he went to see a
specialist doctor, who allegedly discovered that he had a stone in his bladder
and he was then given further sick leave for 3 days on 19/10/2016, 20/10/2016
and 21/10/2016. Despite being on sick leave, Zulfadlee did come to the office
for a few hours to do some urgent work on 2 of these days but he was not
charged for committing the ‘act of malingering’ for these days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Being on a sick leave does not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mean that one is to be confined at home and
bed rest, and cannot do any other things including also attending some union
meeting or activity – a sick leave only means that he is not medically fit for
work on the said day, and in law he becomes entitled to paid sick leave. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On 18/10/2016, Zulfadlee said that
he had no plans whatsoever to go to the Putrajaya union activity with his union
members who planned to go. It was only after he had obtained medical leave whilst
he was sending off the union members heading to Putrajaya, that he was convinced
by his fellow union members and suddenly decided to follow them in the bus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Now, even if an Employer disputes
the Medical Certificate issued by the doctor, then the Employer should
reasonably have taken action against the doctor and/or the clinic – not with
the employee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It must be pointed out
that generally a panel clinic of the employer, are less likely to simply issue
Medical Certificates to employees unless the doctor is convinced that the said
worker is entitled to sick leave. In this case, the Employer really had no
reasonable basis to even suggest that Zulfadlee was ‘malingering’ or lied to
obtain the sick leave. In such health matters, the Employer is certainly not
competent – only the qualified doctor is.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">We do not believe that any failings
of a doctor, if there even is, should ever be blamed on a worker, and certainly
not be used as justification for termination.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Further, attending or participating
in a union activity cannot and should never be an employment misconduct and/or
a breach of the employment contract.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ANTI-UNION ACTION & DISCRIMINATORY ACTION AGAINST UNION PRESIDENT</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">As such, we are of the opinion that
the termination of the Union President may really not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be because of an ‘act of malingering’ by an
employee, but simply a union busting action targeting the Union President and
the Union. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In INFINEON’s letter dated
6/1/2017, rejecting Zulfadlee’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>appeal
against the termination it was stated, amongst others, ‘…The basis of our
decision was premised on the fact that the Management could not condone nor
mitigate punishments for a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>serious
act of misconduct committed by a Union President</u></b> leading the employees
of Kesatuan Pekerja - Pekerja lnfineon Technologies Malaysia itwu,’ This letter
was signed by Lee Cheong Chee</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, the President & Managing Director of
lnfineon Technologies Melaka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
said letter, also did state, ‘…your illustrious career and contributions to the
Company has been well acknowledged through your progress during your tenure. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">While that may ordinarily be a mitigating
factor in considering any appeal, the Management has decided that the</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">your act of malingering is deemed to be
unacceptable and is aggravated in view of you being the Union President at the
point the act of misconduct was committed</b>…’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Besides
Zulfadlee, 6 other members of the Executive Committee of the Union, including
the Vice President and the Secretary, were also targeted and subjected to
disciplinary action – and some of this had ended with a stern warning, whilst only
the Union President was terminated. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Considering
the fact that out of the 40 over employees that participated in the Union
program on 18/10/2016, and only the President and 6 of the Union leaders have
been subjected to disciplinary action, it certainly looks that </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INFINEON<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maybe discriminating against employees who are leaders of the Union, and
maybe reasonably said to be an act of ‘union busting’.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The timing of these
disciplinary actions and the termination of the Union President, when the Union
and INFINEON is starting negotiations concerning the next Collective Bargaining
Agreement, whereby the first meeting is scheduled for 23/1/2017 is most
disturbing. Members of the Union will most likely be prejudiced by this.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It looks like the Employer’s
actions in this case was maybe to instill fear in the Union, its members and
other employees, which may affect the effectiveness of the trade union. These
actions of the Employer would impact on the duty and obligation of Unions to
fight for better rights and working conditions, highlight future wrongdoings,
and fight against violation of the worker rights. It is failure to recognize
and respect<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the freedom of association. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The failure of this Union
and/or its members to openly protest the wrongful dismissal of the Union
President indicates that the Employer’s strategy to create a docile and
compliant union maybe working. It may also seriously affect the upcoming
Collective Bargaining Agreement to the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>detriment of employees and Union members.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">OBLIGATION TO UPHOLD WORKER AND UNION RIGHTS, AND FREEDOM OF
ASSOCIATION</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">INFINEON Technologies (Malaysia)
Sdn. Bhd.,a subsidiary of INFINEON, a German company, in this case seem to have
acted contrary to the INFINEON’s own policy and Code of Conduct, <span class="st">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (</span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">OECD</span></em><span class="st">) Guidelines</span>,
Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition Code of Conduct, UN standards and
principles; and other relevant standards and good practices. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Brands and corporations that do
have </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">INFINEON</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> in their supply chain also have
the obligation to ensure that justice be done, and that Codes of Conducts or
Policies not be violated by reason of these action/s of INFINEON, vide it’s
Malaysian subsidiary, INFINEON Technologies (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd, including the
discrimination and the wrongful termination of the Union leader.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Justice demands that INFINEON
Technologies (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd should immediately reinstate Zulfadlee without
electing to simply just wait for the long drawn out court process in Malaysia,
that could take even 5 - 9 years before court may award victory to a wrongfully
terminated worker. As such, unless INFINEON immediately reinstates Zulfadlee,
an employee of INFINEON for 18 years,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>great injustice would be done to this worker who has wrongfully been
deprived of his employment and income that is so needed for him and his family
to survive. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Unjust Malaysian laws at present,
states that if the worker cannot be reinstated, he will be awarded compensation
in lieu of reinstatement for just a maximum of 24 months, when previously this
compensation would have been payment of all income worker would have earned
from date of wrong dismissal until the date of judgment(or reinstatement). The
new amended limit is not anymore a deterrent for employers seeking to
wrongfully get rid of employees, especially worker leaders.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Further, in the case of a Union
leader, the chances of getting employment with any other employer, especially
in the same sector, is also most difficult compared to other workers.
Termination of strong Union leaders is grossly unjust to the Union and its
members. Without immediate reinstatement, great injustice will be done.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Therefore, we</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Call for the immediate
reinstatement of Zulfadlee Thye Bin Abdullah</b></span>, the President INFINEON
Technologies Workers Union;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Call for the immediate withdrawal
of disciplinary action/s against other Union leaders</b></span> and/or members, and/or for
the revocation of any punishment that has already been handed out;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Call on INFINEON and its
subsidiary, </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">INFINEON Technologies (Malaysia)
Sdn. Bhd, to respect and promote worker and trade union rights, and cease
discrimination against Union leaders, and also cease union busting activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Call on
Apple, BOSCH, Philips and other companies that has INFINEON in its supply chain
to immediately<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ensure that INFINEON
respect the Freedom of Association of Workers, Worker and Trade Union Rights;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Call on
Germany to ensure that INFINEON comply with the OECD Guidelines, United Nations
and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>International Labour Organisation (ILO)
standards, principles and best practices, and other similar obligations to
ensure that human rights and worker rights are respected, protected and
promoted;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Call on INFINEON and </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">INFINEON Technologies Melaka to respect and promote human rights,
including worker and trade union rights</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charles Hector </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Syed Shahir bin Syed Mohamud </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mohd Roszeli bin Majid </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pranom Somwong </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For and on behalf of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">55</b>
organisations, trade unions and groups listed below</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
ALIRAN</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Asociación de Trabajadoras del Hogar a Domicilio y de
Maquila–ATRAHDOM,Guatemala C.A.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Association of
Human Rights Defenders and Promoters- HRDP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Building and Wood Worker's International (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BWI</span>) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asia Pacific</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
CEREAL<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Centro De Reflexión
Y Acción Laboral (CEREAL)</span>, México</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Center for Alliance of Labor and Human Rights (CENTRAL) -
Cambodia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Christian Development Alternative (CDA), Bangladesh</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Clean Clothes Campaign International Office(CCC)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Club Employees Union Peninsular Malaysia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">CWI</span>
(Committe For Workers International) Malaysia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Electrical Industry Workers' Union(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">EIWU</span>)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="st">Electronics Industry Employees Union
Southern Region Peninsular Malaysia</span>(EIEUSR)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Electronic Industry Employees Union Northern Region
Peninsular Malaysia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
GoodElectronics Thailand</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">IndustriALL</span>
Global Union</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Institute for Development of Alternative Living (IDEAL)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Kesatuan Eksekutif AIROD</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Kesatuan Pekerja-Pekerja Mitsui Copper Foil(MCFEU)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kesatuan
Pekerja-pekerja Perodua Engine</span>Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Kesatuan Pekerja-Pekerja Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sdn
Bhd (KPP Proton)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
MADPET [Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture]</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Malaysian Trade Union Congress(MTUC)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Movimentu Kamponezes Timor Leste-Mokatil</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
National Union of Bank Employees (NUBE)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
National Union Employees in Companies Manufacturing
Rubber Products (NUECMRP)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia (NUFAM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
National Union of Transport Equipment & Allied
Industries Workers (NUTEAIW)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">North South</span>
Initiative (NSI)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Paper Products Manufacturing Employees’ Union of Malaysia
(PPMEU)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Parti Rakyat Malaysia(PRM)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Pertubuhan Angkatan Bahaman, Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Persatuan Komuniti Prihation Selangor & KL</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor(PSWS)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PINAY</span> (The
Filipino Women's Organization in Quebec), Canada</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Progressive Voice, Myanmar</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
PROHAM -Persatuan Promosi Hak Asasi Manusia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Sawit Watch, Indonesia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Solidarity of Cavite Workers (SCW), Philippines </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
SUARAM (Suara Rakyat Malaysia)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Tenaga Nasional Junior Officers Union (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TNBJOU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
WH4C(Workers Hub For Change)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Workers Assistance Center, Inc., Philippines </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Yayasan LINTAS NUSA, Batam-Indonesia</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Global Women's Strike UK </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Legal Action for Women UK </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Women of Colour GWS</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MTUC Selangor</span>
& Wilayah Persekutuan</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Pusat Komas</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
SHARPS, South Korea</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
GoodElectronics International Network</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
CIVIDEP, India</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Students
& Scholars Against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM), Hong Kong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (PSM)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">JERIT</span>)</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Community Development Centre (CDC)</div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-80472958124512394462016-12-31T00:48:00.002-08:002016-12-31T01:35:20.556-08:00Samsung and Panasonic accused over supply chain labour abuses in Malaysia (Guardian)<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">* There is always the option to directly employ workers, so the using of workers supplied by labour suppliers('contractors for labour') is just a means to avoid employer obligations...When worker abuses is highlighted - so easy to simply turn around and say...' we did do it, it was the 'suppliers'..? The use of these workers supplied by labour suppliers is a PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE. It also results in DISCRIMINATION at the workplace - workers doing the same work end up with different wages and rights. It also weakens Trade Unions and can be said a 'union busting' practice. These 'supplied workers' working under the supervision of the workplace owners are not considered 'employees' of the workplace - rather employees of the 'labour suppliers', as such would not be able to enjoy even the benefits of Collective Bargaining Agreements which will only benefit employees of the workplace...</span></span></b></div>
<h1 class="content__headline js-score" itemprop="headline" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Samsung and Panasonic accused over supply chain labour abuses in Malaysia
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Migrant workers making goods for the global electronics brands claim they are trapped and exploited in Malaysia</span></div>
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<span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
<b><i><span itemprop="name" style="font-size: x-small;">Pete Pattisson</span></i></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><time class="content__dateline-wpd js-wpd content__dateline-wpd--modified" data-timestamp="1479697254000" datetime="2016-11-21T03:00:54+0000" itemprop="datePublished">
Monday 21 November 2016 <span class="content__dateline-time">03.00 GMT</span>
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<time class="content__dateline-lm js-lm u-h" data-timestamp="1479905760000" datetime="2016-11-23T12:56:00+0000" itemprop="dateModified">
Last modified on Wednesday 23 November 2016 <span class="content__dateline-time">12.56 GMT</span></time></span></i></b></div>
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Samsung and Panasonic,
two of the world’s leading electronics brands, are facing allegations
that <span style="color: red;"><b>workers in their supply chains are being duped, exploited and
underpaid</b></span> in Malaysia.<br />
<br />
The two companies have launched investigations into allegations of
abuse made by Nepalese workers after a Guardian investigation raised
multiple concerns about their treatment.<br />
<br />
The men said they had been <span style="color: red;"><b>deceived about pay, had their passports
confiscated and had been told that they must pay large fines if they
wanted to return to Nepal before the end of their contract. They also
claimed they were forced to work for up to 14 hours on their feet
without adequate rest, and with restricted toilet breaks, in an attempt
to settle recruitment fees of up to £1,000 – they said they had to pay
this money to secure their jobs.</b></span><br />
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They said they felt “cheated” and trapped in their factory jobs
making or assembling components for household electrical goods sold on
the global market. </div>
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“My heart is aching,” said one young man who works in a factory making Samsung
microwaves. “I was <span style="color: red;"><b>not given the job I was promised.</b></span> I am doing very
difficult work. I haven’t got the salary they said I would get.”<br />
<br />
The Guardian spoke to 30 Nepalese migrants making products for
Samsung and Panasonic. <span style="color: blue;"><b>Some of those working for Samsung are employed
directly by the company, but the majority are hired through a labour
supply company. </b></span>The workers assembling or making parts for Panasonic are
employed by subcontracting companies.<br />
<br />
Both Panasonic and Samsung <span style="color: red;"><b>forbid their suppliers from confiscating
passports or charging migrant workers recruitment fees. </b></span>Yet all the men
interviewed by the Guardian claimed they paid up to £1,000 to
recruitment agents in Nepal to secure their jobs in Malaysia. They all also claimed that their passports were confiscated on arrival in the country, illegal under Malaysian employment law.<br />
<br />
Workers
said this restricts their freedom of movement and leaves them open to
detention by the authorities.<br />
<br />
Without their passports, the workers said
they couldn’t freely leave their jobs and return home without paying
fines equivalent to three or four months’ basic salary.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Both Samsung and Panasonic have said they are opening investigations into the conduct of their suppliers</b></span> following the claims.<br />
<br />
The use of labour supply companies and subcontractors is common
practice for foreign firms making goods for export in Malaysia but is a
system ripe for abuse, according to labour rights groups in the country.<br />
<br />
Workers making Samsung products said they were threatened by
supervisors at their labour supply company when they said they were
unhappy with their work and wanted to return home. “They told us, ‘If
you don’t work, or leave without paying, we’ll bury you in Malaysia,’”
said one man.<br />
<br />
Workers for the labour supply company used by Samsung also claimed
they were deceived about the nature and conditions of their work. They
said they had been <span style="color: red;"><b>forced to pay illegal fees by recruitment agents </b></span>used
by their labour supply company hours before they departed for their new
jobs. Some said the salary they were promised in Nepal was higher than
the pay they were now receiving in Malaysia.<br />
<br />
“I wouldn’t have come here if I had known the real conditions and salary. I was manipulated,” said one man.<br />
<br />
“[The labour supply company in Nepal] are using the name of Samsung
to cheat people,” said another worker. “We have been cheated, but we
don’t want others to be cheated.”<br />
<br />
Other Nepalese workers said they paid between 90,000-115,000 rupees
(£685-£875) to a labour recruitment agency in Kathmandu used by Samsung,
despite a 2015 cap on recruitment fees set at 10,000 rupees (£75) by the Nepalese government in 2015.<br />
<br />
“I paid 115,000 rupees, but the agent only gave me a receipt for
10,000 rupees. He told me that if I was stopped at the airport I should
say that that is all I paid,” said one man working at Samsung’s
microwave plant. “I knew the agent was cheating me, but what could I
do?”<br />
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A spokesperson from Samsung said: “As a committed member of the
Electronics Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), we comply fully with
the EICC’s Code of Conduct and have found <span style="color: red;"><b>no evidence of violations in
the hiring process of migrant workers <u>hired directly</u> by our
manufacturing facility</b></span> in Malaysia.</div>
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Once there is any complaint, we take
swift actions to investigate.</div>
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“We are <span style="color: red;"><b>currently conducting on-site investigations of <u>labour supply
companies</u></b></span> we work with in Malaysia and the migrant employees hired by
these companies. If any violations are uncovered, we will make immediate
corrective actions and moving forward we will suspend our business with
companies that are found to be in violation.”<br />
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In a factory in the capital, exhausted workers making parts for
Panasonic spoke of <span style="color: red;"><b>having to work week after week of 14-hour shifts</b></span> to
try to repay the money they gave to recruitment agents in Nepal. Some
said they were still far off paying their debts 15 months after arriving
in Malaysia. Others claimed they had been told by their companies they
must pay the equivalent of three months’ wages if they left before the
end of their contract.</div>
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“If
I could find a way to go back, I’d leave right now <span style="color: red;"><b>but I am trapped by
my debts</b></span>,” said one Nepalese worker, who makes parts for Panasonic. “95%
of workers here would do the same.”<br />
<br />
Workers assembling Panasonic products in the southern city of Johor
Bahru said that they sometimes only received 700 ringgit (£133) a month –
half of what they were promised – after production slowed due to a lack
of orders.<br />
<br />
“We know <span style="color: red;"><b>our earnings are below minimum wage, but what can we do
about it?</b></span>” said one of the workers.<br />
<br />
“We feel terrible because we have a
big loan to pay back. You have to work for three years just to pay it
off.”<br />
<br />
Life beyond the assembly line is difficult too. In accommodation
visited by the Guardian, workers were living in a grim hostel in an
industrial area in Johor with <span style="color: red;"><b>14 men crammed into one mouldy room</b></span>. They
<span style="color: red;"><b>all shared one broken toilet and two shower cubicles</b></span>, which opened
directly on to a cooking area with a single gas cooker.<br />
<br />
In an emailed statement, Panasonic said, “Panasonic will conduct a
full investigation into the claims made by the Guardian. We are taking
these allegations very seriously and if, <span style="color: red;"><b>in fact, we discover that one
of our suppliers has violated such laws or regulations, we will ensure
and require them to take necessary corrective action immediately.</b></span><br />
<br />
“We expect all of our suppliers to strictly comply with our CSR
[Corporate Social Responsibility] policy and declaration. These
expectations are outlined in Panasonic’s contracted terms and conditions
with each supplier. We do not tolerate breaches of these terms.”<br />
<br />
The workers interviewed by the Guardian also complained about conditions inside the factories.<br />
<br />
“The work is extremely difficult,” said one worker at a Samsung
electronics plant making microwave ovens.<br />
<br />
“You get <span style="color: red;"><b>only 45 minutes in a
12-hour shift to eat, and seven minutes every two hours to drink water</b></span>.”<br />
<br />
Other
workers making parts and assembling products for Panasonic said that
they stood all day without decent breaks. One worker claimed they were
only <span style="color: red;"><b>allowed to stop work to go to the toilet twice in a 12-hour shift</b></span>.<br />
<br />
The electronics sector in Malaysia, which accounts for nearly 35% of the country’s export economy, has faced international scrutiny for its treatment of migrant workers. In 2014 a report by supply chain watchdog Verité
found that nearly one third of workers in Malaysia’s electronics sector
are in forced labour, and called for wide reforms of the policies of
foreign companies operating there.<br />
<br />
“Brands working in Malaysia have to recognise that the standard
operating procedure for labour contractors is debt bondage and this has
ramifications,” said Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights
Watch in Asia.<br />
<br />
“Taking someone from Nepal and putting them in a factory in Malaysia
costs money, and if these costs are not being factored into the price of
a phone, or a microwave or a speaker, then they are complicit in a
system that expects the workers to suffer as a result.” - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/nov/21/samsung-panasonic-accused-over-supply-chain-labour-abuses-malaysia" target="_blank">The Guardian, 21/11/2016</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Related:-</i></span></span><br />
<br /><a href="https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/VeriteForcedLaborMalaysianElectronics2014.pdf" target="_blank">FORCED LABOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC GOODS IN MALAYSIAA Comprehensive Study of Scope and Characteristics</a></div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-38186592799653070672016-12-31T00:26:00.001-08:002016-12-31T00:26:11.038-08:00Immediately Release Siti Noor Aishah Atam from Restrictions Under Prevention Of Crime Act 1959 (POCA)<br />
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<u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media Statement – 20/12/2016</span></u></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Immediately Release Siti Noor Aishah Atam from Restrictions
Under <span class="casetitle">Prevention Of Crime Act 1959</span> (POCA)</span></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Abolish POCA and All Detention Without Trial Laws and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <span class="casetitle">Security Offences
(Special Measures) Act 2012</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">We, the 37 undersigned
civil society organisations, trade unions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and groups, are appalled to hear about the case of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Siti Noor Aishah Atam, <span style="color: blue;"><b>29 year old Malaysian
woman, who was arrested for the alleged possession of 12 books, detained, tried
and acquitted by court, and thereafter re-arrested and detained under <span class="casetitle">Prevention Of Crime Act 1959</span> (POCA)</b></span>. We are shocked that
Siti Noor Aishah, despite being acquitted and released by Court, which also
denied the prosecution’s application to continue to detain her under the <span class="casetitle">Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012(</span>SOSMA)
pending appeal, was re-arrested and detained, and have now been imposed with
Restriction Orders, which included being fitted with an electronic monitoring
device (EMD). </span></span></div>
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</div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">The case, one of
the very few cases of victims <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>POCA which
had gone to trial, for<span style="color: blue;"> <b>most victims of POCA and other detention without trial
laws never get the opportunity to get a trial</b>. </span>There are now more than a
thousand victims of POCA, POTA and other detention without trial laws, who have
been or are now still detained without trial and/or subjected to Restriction
Orders, <span style="color: blue;"><b>without any opportunity to even challenge the alleged reasons for their
Detention or Restrictions</b></span>, a gross injustice is being done to them, as many of
whom like Siti Noor Aishah Atam would more than likely be innocent. These
victims have certainly never been proven guilty. <span style="color: red;"><b>As at Sept 30, 2015, 975
people have been detained under Poca</b></span>(Malaysiakini, 29/11/2016)</span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">Without the
right to judicial review, including habeas corpus application, the risk and
possibility that the innocent are all being now denied their liberty and rights
is totally unacceptable. It is a denial of the fundamental human rights,
including the right to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">‘<span class="fontstyle01"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">a fair and public hearing by an independent
and impartial tribunal’</span></b></span></b> (Article 10, Universal
Declaration of Human Rights). Article 11(1) of the UDHR also states that
‘Everyone charged with a penal offence has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public
trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.</b>’ </span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;">CASE OF SITI NOOR AISHAH BINTI ATAM</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">Siti Noor Aishah,
who was <span style="color: red;"><b>arrested on 22/3/2016</b>,</span> have been a victim of SOSMA, and now continues
to be a victim of POCA. </span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">On March 22,
2016, Siti Noor Aishah , a University of Malaya Masters of Usuluddin (Islamic
Studies) student, was arrested for allegedly having in her possession, books on
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), Islamic State (IS) and Al Qaeda (AQ) at her residence at
Lot 1241, Jalan Lapangan Terbang Sura, Dungun, Terengganu at 12.25pm, an
offence the Penal Code.</span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">On April 19,2016,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>she was charged in the Magistrate Court
in Kemaman, Trengganu under Section 130JB(1)(a) of the Penal Code which states
that ‘whoever-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(a) has possession,
custody or control of; or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(b) provides,
displays, distributes or sells, any item associated with any terrorist group or
the commission of a terrorist act shall be punished with imprisonment for a
term not exceeding seven years, or with fine, and shall also be liable to
forfeiture of any such item.’ The case was then transferred to the High Court
in Kuala Lumpur.</span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">On July 25,2016,
she pleaded not guilty and claimed trial at the High Court. </span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY"><span style="color: red;"><b>On 29/9/2016,
Judicial Commissioner Datuk Mohamad Shariff Abu Samah, at the close of
prosecution’s case, the judge acquitted and released her,</b></span> without requiring
Siti Noor Aishah to enter her defence as the court found that the prosecution
had failed to prove a prima facie case against the accussed [‘… <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pihak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendakwaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gagal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuktikan suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Prima <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>facie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>OKT</i>…’ </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(extract
from the Court Judgment)</span></i><span lang="EN-MY">] </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">The Judge, amongst
others, in his judgment said, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘…Apalah
ertinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemilikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>buku-buku tersebut yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikatakan mempunyai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kaitan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unsur-unsur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengganas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu kesalahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keatas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sesiapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>buku-buku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut, walhal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pihak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kementerian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Negeri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>gagal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjalankan fungsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebenarnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengharamkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seterusnya menghapuskan buku-buku…’</i> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">What is the meaning when possession of the said
books said to have links and elements of terrorism is an offence against those
found in possession of such books, when the Ministry of Home Affairs fails to
even ban and thereafter destroy such books.)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">It was also reported
that the Court, after acquitting Siti Noor Aishah, also rejected the
application of Deputy Public Prosecutor to continue to detain Siti Nor Aishah
in prison pursuant to section 30(1) Security Offences (Special Measures) Act
2012 (SOSMA) whilst waiting for the appeal to be filed by the prosecution against
the decision to acquit. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(Bernama
– Sinar Harian, 29/9/2016)</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">It was recently reported in the
media </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(Malaysiakini</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">, 29/11/2016)</span></i><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">, <span style="color: red;"><b>that Siti Nor
Aishah was thereafter arrested and detained under the Prevention of Crime Act
1959(POCA)</b></span> until Saturday(26/11/2016), and has now been fitted with an
electronic monitoring device (EMD), and asked to report every Friday at the
police station in Bukit Aman for 8 weeks. She is also most likely subjected to
a Restriction Orders(or Police Supervision Orders) under POTA – which could
include inhibitions with regard to movement, restrictions as to the people she
can communicate with, and even restrictions with regard access to the internet
and social media. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;">Security Offences (Special
Measures) Act 2012(</span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;">SOSMA)
</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">This law provides for the
uses of ‘special measures’ in security offences cases. After arrest, for the
purpose of investigation, the police can normally hold a suspect for 24 hours,
and if more time is required, the police need apply to a Magistrate for further
remand in a hearing where the suspect can also be represented by a lawyer. The
Magistrate will consider the reasons advanced and the submissions, and
thereafter, if justified, may allow further remand for a specific number of
days. If further remand is needed after that, the police will have to apply
again to the Magistrate, and the maximum number of days of remand permitted is
14 days.</span></span></div>
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</div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">However, when the police
resort to SOSMA, there is no more the need to apply to the Magistrate for
further remand beyond 24 hours, and as such there is <span style="color: red;"><b>no more judicial
intervention, which acts as a necessary check and balance to prevent abuse of
detention powers by the police</b></span>. SOSMA only requires the authority of a police
officer of the rank of Superintendent or above, to be able to detain a suspect
for up to 28 days. In Siti’s case, this provision of SOSMA was most likely
used, as she was only brought to court to be charged on 19/4/2016, which is
certainly more usual 14 days. SOSMA was also used recently in case of Human
Rights Defender Maria Chin.</span></span></div>
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</div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In the trial, it was also
disclosed by the prosecutor in the Judgment, that SOSMA was also used for the
purposes of investigation, and it was also used during the trial. <span style="color: red;"><b>SOSMA allows
the use of evidence, which in normal trials would not be admissible by reason
of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>requirements in the Evidence Act and
the Criminal Procedure Code. </b></span></span></span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;">PREVENTION OF CRIME ACT 1959(POCA)</span></span><i><span lang="EN-MY" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></i></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span></span></b></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">POCA is a
Detention Without Trial law, like the former Internal Security Act(ISA), which
<span style="color: red;"><b>allows for Administrative Detention and/or Restrictions to be imposed on a
person. The Act also denies victims of POCA the ability to challenge the
reasons and/or justification for the said Detentions/Restrictions/Police
Supervision Orders in a court of law.</b></span> The ousting of the Courts ability to
review the reasons of the government for arresting, detaining and/or imposing
restrictions only encourages abuse, and injustice against the innocent.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">The use of POCA
to detain, and now impose restrictions on rights and freedoms of Siti Nor
Aishah, especially after the High Court had heard her case, and acquitted her
is wrong. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">Additionally, given
the fact that the court denied the application by prosecution to continue to detain
her until the appeal against her acquittal, we are of the opinion that the subsequent
use of POCA to arrest and detain her may amount to contempt of court, and
certainly a gross disrespect of the court.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">The POCA amendments
in 2014 and 2015 extended its usage was extended from just persons involved in
triad gangs, to now also include persons allegedly involved in drug
trafficking, trafficking of human persons, smuggling of migrants and even
terrorism offences. It also covers crimes committed by 3 or more persons.</span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">It must also be
highlighted, that POCA clearly states that the detention under POCA ‘...<span class="casecontent">shall be without prejudice to the taking of any criminal
proceeding against that person, whether during or after the period of his
detention...’ That means that a person detained on the basis of some
allegation, can at a later date also find himself again being charged in court
for a crime based on the same allegations.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-MY">POCA, the <span class="casetitle">Prevention Of Terrorism Act 2015(POTA) and other laws that
allows for detention/restrictions without trial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>clearly violates human rights, and it must be abolished.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
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</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">THEREFORE, WE</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">CALL for the immediate and
unconditional release of </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">Siti Noor Aishah Atam from any Detention or Restriction(Police
Supervision) orders under <span class="casetitle">Prevention Of Crime Act
1959(POCA) or any such Detention Without Trial laws;</span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">CALL for the immediate and
unconditional release of all persons currently being detained/restricted </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">under <span class="casetitle">Prevention Of Crime Act 1959(POCA) or any such Detention
Without Trial laws;</span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">CALL for the repeal of
Prevention Of Crime Act 1959(POCA), Prevention Of Terrorism Act 2015(POTA)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>any such Detention Without Trial laws;</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">CALL for the repeal of
Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012(</span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">SOSMA)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles Hector </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For and on behalf of the 37
undersigned civil society organisations, trade unions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and groups</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="casetitle"><span lang="EN-MY">ALIRAN</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">AJAR Timor-Leste</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Association of
Domestic Home and Maquila Workers. ATRAHDOM- Guatemala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Association of Human Rights Defenders
and Promoters- HRDP, Myanmar</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha
Mancha(MASUM), India </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">BERSIH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Center for Prisoners' Rights, Japan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Center for Alliance of Labor and Human
Rights (CENTRA), Cambodia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christian Development Alternative (CDA),
Bangladesh </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clean Clothes Campaign(CCC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Community Development Centre (CDC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electronic Industry Employees Union (EIEU) Southern
Region, Peninsular Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">IDEAL (Institute for Development of
Alternative Living)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Japan Innocence and Death Penalty
Information Center</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">JERIT (Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">JKOASM (Jaringan Kampung Orang Asli
Semenanjung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Kesatuan Kebangsaan Anak Kapal Kabin
Malaysia(NUFAM)/</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">MADPET(Malaysians Against Death Penalty
and Torture)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Malaysian Physicians for Social
Responsibility</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">National Union of Transport Equipment
& Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAIW), Malaysia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">North South Initiative</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Odhikar, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">OHMSI</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oriental Hearts and Mind Study Institute),
Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemuda Persatuan Hokkien Selangor & KL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persatuan Komuniti Prihatin Selangor & KL
(PRIHATIN) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Philipping Alliance of Human Rights
Advocates or PAHRA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Programme Against
Custodial Torture & Impunity, India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">PROHAM - Society for the Promotion of
Human Rights, Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="st"><span lang="EN-MY">Pusat Komas</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia(SABM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">SUARAM(Suara Rakyat Malaysia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Tenaganita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-MY">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Women's Centre for Change, Penang (WCC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span lang="EN-MY">Yayasan LINTAS NUSA Batam _ Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<span class="st"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall's (</span></span></span><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">KLSCAH</span></span></em><span class="st"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY">) </span></span></span><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Civil
Rights Committee</span></span></em>WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-77739528425901821382016-06-14T15:01:00.001-07:002016-06-14T15:02:34.693-07:00WH4C and others say STOP HARASSING THAI HR DEFENDERS PORNPEN, ANCHANA AND SOMCHAI<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
</h3>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Joint Statement – 13/06/2016</span></u></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">Statement on the Reprisals against Human Rights
Defenders, Ms. Pornpen Khongkachonkiet, Ms. Anchana Heemmina, and Mr. Somchai
Homlaor</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We, the undersigned civil society groups, are
gravely concerned about the <span style="color: red;"><b>legal action taken by the Royal Thai Army for
criminal defamation and Computer Crimes Act violations against Woman Human
Rights Defenders (WHRD) Ms. Pornpen Khongkachonkiet, Ms. Anchana Heemmina, and
HRD Mr. Somchai Homlaor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span>Ms. Pornpen, is
the Director of the Cross Cultural Foundation – an organization which monitors
and documents cases of torture and ill-treatment in Thailand. Mr. Somchai, is the
President of the Cross Cultural Foundation, and Ms. Anchana is director of Duay
JaiGroup (Hearty Support Group) – a local organization based in Thailand’s ‘Deep
South’, which supports people who suffer from the justice system in national
security cases. </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFTTEvCUGLE_fv6qZlx3Z3oUdFJG9EkSUYyCHB4XgUOw2ZqsxRt9A-rGeUdCjN_NYO00qM08sZHyvMZym8Gu3kuuDA4Wg_ipF2QbTvPvQyBwVc5r6VtVtk7DPOmhli6UMOwDKSwn3-HFQ/s1600/Torture+and+ill+treatment+in+The+Deep+South.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFTTEvCUGLE_fv6qZlx3Z3oUdFJG9EkSUYyCHB4XgUOw2ZqsxRt9A-rGeUdCjN_NYO00qM08sZHyvMZym8Gu3kuuDA4Wg_ipF2QbTvPvQyBwVc5r6VtVtk7DPOmhli6UMOwDKSwn3-HFQ/s1600/Torture+and+ill+treatment+in+The+Deep+South.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;"><b>All three are co-editors of a report, <i>Torture and ill
treatment in The Deep South Documented in 2014-2015</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> documenting 54 cases of
inhumane treatment in detention, launched on 10<sup>th</sup> February 2016</b></span>. The
research and report was partly funded by the United Nations Voluntary Fund for
Victims of Torture, established under the General Assembly </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">resolution
36/151 in 1981</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
thus under the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council Resolution 12/2 these
HRDs and their colleagues are “individuals who cooperate with the United
Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of Human Rights.” </span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKv10r7CaG1hC0oNgOP2OIptK1oJUWc0DcV-JcNgIxtEH_gc_rxCWtr2r8vKVzz-UR5lxlBncnsjCPmyoJlYe8Rlv4DgJzjlF6s5-AzsHbK5MYSwNMU2MDIyZXI5KRBgkiKtPeDUi0ns/s1600/Pornpen+K.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKv10r7CaG1hC0oNgOP2OIptK1oJUWc0DcV-JcNgIxtEH_gc_rxCWtr2r8vKVzz-UR5lxlBncnsjCPmyoJlYe8Rlv4DgJzjlF6s5-AzsHbK5MYSwNMU2MDIyZXI5KRBgkiKtPeDUi0ns/s320/Pornpen+K.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pornpen Khongkachonkiet</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On 8<sup>th</sup> June 2016, Internal Security
Operations Command Region 4 (ISOC 4) gave information to Ms. Pornpen through a
phone conversation that ISOC 4 sought the power of attorney from the Royal Thai
Army and submitted a complaint to Yala Mueang Police Station on 17<sup>th</sup>
May 2016 for <span style="color: red;"><b>criminal defamation and computer-related violations by the three
HRDs. The charges are for alleged criminal defamation under Article 328 of the
Thai Criminal Code, and violation of the Computer Crimes Act (2007), Article
14(1)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</b></span> We are disturbed
regarding information that authorities have already interrogated six witnesses.
The Police case file is No. 704/2559. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLfDn8aa1HmedapPZlD0hkmt-rWIhFYxeBDrVtMSn_FrdxULKI82bc0PGEf12-LEXm6VgH_OzWu7o1vezByQvf_dIZJ3iwRkX6Ji5ameLEOTzYqXppZPwzwdqPSZfkib8mlWWxG-cnQ8/s1600/Anchana+Heemmina.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLfDn8aa1HmedapPZlD0hkmt-rWIhFYxeBDrVtMSn_FrdxULKI82bc0PGEf12-LEXm6VgH_OzWu7o1vezByQvf_dIZJ3iwRkX6Ji5ameLEOTzYqXppZPwzwdqPSZfkib8mlWWxG-cnQ8/s320/Anchana+Heemmina.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anchana Heemmina</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This judicial action has been taken despite the
Human Rights Defenders’ best efforts to engage authorities on the evidence of
torture and ill-treatment presented in the report. Namely, the report was sent
to Army Lt Gen Wiwat Pathompak, Commander of the 4th Army Region, on 8th
January 2016, one month before its publication. However, high-ranking military government
officials have publicly dismissed the accuracy of the report and questioned the
intentions of the civil society organisations who compiled the report.
Furthermore, Ms. Anchana, WHRD working in Thailand’s ‘Deep South’, faced
summons to an Army camp, lengthy questioning by Army officers, and close
physical surveillance and intimidation by unidentified, uniformed men<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8P7nLau082tHR3EY88Qf1FWBcflvYYL7BxXHy8EPPgqk3BdPCLyboxAwOvn44zYBoqzryV3k-TgixWYgHSzjKwN8nNIQk7beV1uw9sDkBy4oefNDsFzmF4SlBvMS3N7EhNs1PfHSxqW4/s1600/Somchai+Homlaor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8P7nLau082tHR3EY88Qf1FWBcflvYYL7BxXHy8EPPgqk3BdPCLyboxAwOvn44zYBoqzryV3k-TgixWYgHSzjKwN8nNIQk7beV1uw9sDkBy4oefNDsFzmF4SlBvMS3N7EhNs1PfHSxqW4/s320/Somchai+Homlaor.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Somchai Homlaor</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We deem this action by the Royal Thai Army to be
a prompt reprisal against civil society groups seeking to bring to the
authorities’ attention the continued abuse of power and ill-treatment of
detainees in Thailand. The Royal Thai Army has taken these actions at a time
when it the Thai military government has renewed the Thailand’s international
commitments to abolishing the use of torture. On 11<sup>th</sup> May 2016, at the
United Nation’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Thailand 12 UN member states
issued recommendations directly relating to the prevention of torture and
access to justice for survivors of torture. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHZoMu4aXJ8ugpJ-kfkzuTOHQiwxGojL6wAXjN6fTRc6pyXeAajI3BbR3SBQoOrQBLORBA5dVSX-kaFTcAvZExYkUR_KA-6SNC0UgDscjH8hdROwTgvuVWsdgvc9ERE0Oe_kIyEc6svHY/s1600/CrosCulFound.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHZoMu4aXJ8ugpJ-kfkzuTOHQiwxGojL6wAXjN6fTRc6pyXeAajI3BbR3SBQoOrQBLORBA5dVSX-kaFTcAvZExYkUR_KA-6SNC0UgDscjH8hdROwTgvuVWsdgvc9ERE0Oe_kIyEc6svHY/s1600/CrosCulFound.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Furthermore, on 24<sup>th</sup> May
2016 the Thai military government issued a Cabinet Resolution stating that they
will pass a Prevention of Torture and Enforced Disappearance Act. It is troubling
that the Royal Thai Army has ordered the legal pursuit of HRDs who have been
supporting victims of torture as well as pushing at many levels for policy
reform and state action to prevent torture and provide justice to survivors. </span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKkjzhsfasAmAvfZiKYo92a3gbart1QdowytVAUo-yqZA3TU_x9jRkd_UTz9oKwp261bBf9hpvpkXifF02oL5ezddH7KDdA7ASJPJv9PzUIhKDJRxaQaWwuzrYGg0PpitrFyGfM8Vj04/s1600/Pattani+HRO.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKkjzhsfasAmAvfZiKYo92a3gbart1QdowytVAUo-yqZA3TU_x9jRkd_UTz9oKwp261bBf9hpvpkXifF02oL5ezddH7KDdA7ASJPJv9PzUIhKDJRxaQaWwuzrYGg0PpitrFyGfM8Vj04/s1600/Pattani+HRO.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We deem the Royal Thai Army’s action to be an
unreasonable, arbitrary, and heavy-handed attempt to silence all complaints of
allegations of torture against the authorities. By quashing Ms. Pornpen, Ms.
Anchana, and Mr Somchai’s efforts to support torture victims to publicly
complain about Human Rights violations by authorities, the Royal Thai Army is
seeking to make it more than impossible for torture victims to voice their
complaints. Moreover, this is a deplorable act by the Royal Thai Army as it
aims to further intimidate existing and potential victims of human rights
violations to not report these violations. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBxqxYH1IcMRrINMdHTrAZf16_8dTrW1SxYTXHFXjohh41q2xyIUTU7HWu0GrgWkuTF0Fk36RKCym0FM-oxeW0QLx2ZuCWF1fiE5Stnq5q-XjWLIBjyuEQAKhrXmTSceV-q2KN4NhFOsg/s1600/hearty+gp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBxqxYH1IcMRrINMdHTrAZf16_8dTrW1SxYTXHFXjohh41q2xyIUTU7HWu0GrgWkuTF0Fk36RKCym0FM-oxeW0QLx2ZuCWF1fiE5Stnq5q-XjWLIBjyuEQAKhrXmTSceV-q2KN4NhFOsg/s1600/hearty+gp.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Instead of suppressing the work of
Human Rights Defenders, such as Ms. Pornpen, Ms. Anchana, and Mr. Somchai, the
Royal Thai Army should, as New Zealand recommended at the UPR, “Promptly
investigate and prosecute all allegations of torture and extrajudicial
killings,” and as Canada recommended, “Create an independent body to
investigate all torture allegations, including in Thailand’s Deep South, and
bring perpetrators to justice.”</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This judicial harassment constitutes a direct
infringement of Ms. Pornpen, Ms. Anchana, and Mr. Somchai’s right to work as a
Human Rights Defender in Thailand. As stated in Article 1 of the UN Declaration
on Human Rights Defenders “Everyone has the right to (individually and in
association with others) promote and to strive for the realization of Human
Rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international level.” <span style="color: red;"><b>We
believe that the filing of this criminal legal case against Ms. Pornpen, Ms.
Anchana, and Mr. Somchai was undertaken with the purpose of retaliation and
that it is in response to the three HRDs peaceful and legitimate activities to
hold authorities to account for cases of human rights violations, including
torture, in Thailand’s ‘Deep South.’ </b></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We call on the Royal Thai Army to:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Immediately and unconditionally withdraw the legal action against
Ms. Pornpen, Ms. Anchana, and Mr. Somchai.</b></span> Such legal action against the
legitimate work of HRDs is against the public interest.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ensure that <span style="color: blue;"><b>no further retaliation is carried out or allowed to
happen in the future against HRDs, ill-treatment and torture victims, their colleagues
and families. </b></span></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We call on the Thai military government to:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Respect the universally recognized rights, duties and obligations
of everyone and organizations to highlight information about Human Rights
violations and injustices to the public, as stated in the UN Declaration on
Human Rights Defenders; </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ensure that all persons affected by torture and other human rights
violations receive justice, including first and foremost the right to complain
which must be respected at all times. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ensure the implementations of recommendations it accepted during
the recent UPR with regard to HRDs.</span></span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Signed by:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organisations</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thailand</span></i></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aanglumphong Conservation
Groups and Archaeological Site </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">กลุ่มอนุรักษ์สิ่งแวดล้อมอ่างลำพอกและโบราณสถาน</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สุรินทร์</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assembly of the Poor </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สมัชชาคนจน</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">กรณีเขื่อนปากมูล</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Centre for Community Rights
to Manage Natural Resources, Chi Basin </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ศูนย์พิทักษ์สิทธิการจัดการทรัพยากรชุมชนลุ่มน้ำชี</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Center to Study and Develop
Law for Human Rights </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ศูนย์ศึกษาและพัฒนานักกฎหมายเพื่อสิทธิมนุษยนชน</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Centre to Study and Ecology
Habitation of Community Culture in Phetchabun </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ศูนย์ศึกษาและฟื้นฟูนิเวศวัฒนธรรมชุมชนเทือกเขาเพชรบูรณ์</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chi Basin Network, Yasothon </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เครือข่ายน้ำชี</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">จังหวัดยโสธร</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Community Resource Centre
(CRC)<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มูลนิธิศูนย์ข้อมูลชุมชน</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Campaign Committee for Human Rights (CCHR)</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">คณะกรรมการรณรงค์เพื่อสิทธิมนุษยชน</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ครส</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Empower Foundation </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เอ็มพาวเวอร์</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">E-saan Human Rights and
Peace Information Centre<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ศูนย์ข้อมูลสิทธิมุษยชนและสันติภาพ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">E-saan Land Reform Network </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เครือข่ายปฎิรูปที่ดินภาคอีสาน</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">E-saan Network on Natural
Resources and Environmental </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เครือข่ายทรัพยากรและสิ่งแวดล้อมภาคอีสาน</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Foundation for Muslim
Attorneys Center </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มูลนิธิเพื่อศูนย์ทนายความมุสลิม</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Foundation for Women </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มูลนิธิผู้หญิง</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gender equality promoting foundation </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มูลนิธิส่งเสริมความเสมอภาคทางสังคม</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Human Rights Lawyers’ Association (HRLA) </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สมาคมนักกฎหมายสิทธิมนษยชน</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Land Watch Working Group </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">กลุ่มจับตาปัญหาที่ดิน</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mplus Foundation</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Namoon Environmental
Conservation Group </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">กลุ่มอนุรักษ์สิ่งแวดล้อมบ้านนามูล</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ดูนสาด</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Network of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand (NIPT) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เครือข่ายชนเผ่าพื้นเมืองแห่งประเทศไทย</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">คชท</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Network of Thaiban People
Deprived<span lang="TH"> </span>of Rights </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เครือข่ายไทบ้านผู้ไร้สิทธิ์</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สกลนคร</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">People’s Empowerment
Foundation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prorights Foundation </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มูลนิธิส่งเสริมและคุ้มครองสิทธิมนุษยชน</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Southern Peasant Federation
of Thailand (SPFT)</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สหพันธ์เกษตรกรภาคใต้</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> – </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สกต</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-hyphenate: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saiburi </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">R</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">iver Association </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">สมาคมลุ่มน้ำสายบุรี</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation (TCR)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thai Development Support
Center (TDSC) </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ศูนย์เผยแพร่และส่งเสริมงานพัฒนา</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ผสพ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thai Working Group for ASEAN
Human Rights Mechanism </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">คณะทำงานไทยเพื่อกลไกสิทธิมนุษยชนอาเซียน</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Togetherness for Equality
and Action (TEA) </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">โรงน้ำชา</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Udonthani Environmental
Conservation Group </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">กลุ่มอนุรักษ์สิ่งแวดล้อมอุดร</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Union for Civil liberty (UCL</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สมาคมสิทธิเสรีภาพของประชาชน</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WARTANI Media Agency</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สำนักสื่อ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wartani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-hyphenate: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">WE PEACE </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">สมาคมผู้หญิงเพื่อสันติภาพ</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-hyphenate: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Women<i> </i>Struggle for Livelihood </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">กลุ่มหญิงสู้ชีวิต</span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WeMove<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ขบวนผู้หญิงปฎิรูปประเทศไทย</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Women Network for
Advancement and Peace </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เครือข่ายผู้หญิงเพื่อความก้าวหน้าและสันติภาพ</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-hyphenate: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Work and Environment Related
Patient's Network of Thailand (WEPT</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">สภาเครือข่ายกลุ่มผู้ป่วยจากการทำงานและสิ่งแวดล้อมแห่งประเทศไทย</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beyond Thailand</span></i></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Association of Human Rights
Defenders and Promoters (HRDP, Myanmar)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Centre for Independent
Journalism (Malaysia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Center for Sustainable
Development in Mountainous Areas (CSDM, Vietnam) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Center for Women's Global
Leadership (USA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LBH Masyarakat (Community
Legal Aid Institute, Indonesia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysians Against Death
Penalty and Torture<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MADPET) </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysian Humanist and
Rationalist Movement (MyHARAM)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">National Free Trade Union
(Sri Lanka)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">North South Initiative
(Malaysia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PINAY (Filipino Women’s
Organization in Quebec)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PUSAT KOMAS (Malaysia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Safety and Rights Society
(Bangladesh)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Vietnam Committee on
Human Rights (France)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Think Centre (Singapore)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vietnam Indigenous Knowledge
Network (VTIK)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vietnamese Women for Human
Rights (VNWHR)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Workers Hub For Change<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WH<span lang="TH">4</span>C, Malaysia)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regional/International</span></i></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amnesty International </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASEAN Youth Forum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact
(AIPP)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asia Pacific Forum on Women,
Law and Development (APWLD)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AWID</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Civil Rights Defenders</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FIDH, within the framework
of the Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Focus on the Global South</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FRIDA | The Young Feminist
Fund</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">International Labor Rights
Forum (ILRF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nazra for Feminist Studies</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Network of Patani's Citizens
Outside the Motherland</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protection International</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Southeast Asian Press
Alliance (SEAPA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Asian Forum for Human
Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UPR Info AsiaUrgent Action
Fund for Women's Human Rights</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Urgent Action Fund Latin
America</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Women Living Under Muslim
Laws</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">World Organisation Against
Torture (OMCT), within the framework of the Observatory for the Protection of
Human Rights Defenders</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Individuals</span></u></b></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kanungnit Makchuchit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">คนึงนิจ</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มากชูชิต</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ms.
Naiyana Waikham </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">นัยนา</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">หวายคำ</span></div>
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<span class="st"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ms. Chantawipa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Apisuk</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">จันทวิภา</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">อิสุข</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Jumpol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apisuk</span></i><span class="st"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></span><span class="st"><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">จุมพล</span></span><span class="st"><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="st"><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">อภิสุข</span></span><b><u><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Bordin Saisaeng
Researcher, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">บดินทร์</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สายแสง</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สถาบันสิทธิมนุษยชนและสันติศึกษา</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chompunut Chalieobun<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ชมพูนุท</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เฉลียวบุญ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr. Eakpant Pidavanija
Lecturer, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">เอกพันธุ์</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ปิณฑวณิช</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สถาบันสิทธิมนุษยชนและสันติศึกษา</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Ismail Hajiwaechi<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">นายอิสมาอีล</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ฮายีแวจิ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assistant Professor Dr
Naruemon Thabchumpon</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Political Science Faculty, Chalulongkron University </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ผศ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ดร</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">นฤมล</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ทับจุมพล</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">คณะรัฐศาสตร์</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lecturer Ngamsuk
Rattanasatian Lecturer, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol
University </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">งามศุกร์</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">รัตนเสถียร</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">สถาบันสิทธิมนุษยชนและสันติศึกษา</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mrs. Ruengrawee Pichaikul<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">นางเรืองรวี</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">พิชัยกุล</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sor<span lang="TH"> </span>Rattanamanee
Polkla, Lawyer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thaweesak Pi, Social
Activist<span lang="TH"> </span></span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">นายทวีศักดิ์</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ปิ</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">นักกิจกรรมทางสังคม</span><span lang="TH" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Victor Bernard</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">William Nicholas Gomes,
Human Rights Defender and Freelance Journalist, UK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yuyun Wahyuningrum, Senior
Advisor on ASEAN and Human Rights, Human Rights Working Group (HRWG, Indonesia)<span lang="TH"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANNEX 1 - Human Rights Defender Profiles </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ms. Pornpen is a leading Human Rights Defender in
Thailand who has been involved in various Human Rights issues both in Thailand
and the region, including women’s rights, indigenous rights and preventing
forced disappearances. Her work serves the public interest by ensuring that authorities
are held accountable and pressuring authorities to unconditionally respect the
Human Rights of all. As Director and President of the Cross Cultural
Foundation, Ms. Pornpen and Mr. Somchai have constantly been monitoring and
documenting cases of torture and Human Rights violations in Thailand’s
southernmost provinces and other parts of the country </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Somchai is a seasoned and respected Human
Rights lawyer in Thailand, who has been fighting to defend people’s Human
Rights for the past 25 years. He was a Commissioner for the Law Reform
Commission of Thailand until it was disbanded by the current military regime.
Furthermore, as president of the Cross Cultural Foundation he has been a key
figure forging bridges across Thai society. Cross Cultural Foundation organises
educational activities, as well as research and legal support to promote
people’s Human Rights, especially in Thailand’s southernmost provinces which
are in a state of prolonged armed conflict. In September 2014, both Ms. Pornpen
and Mr. Somchai, as well as their organization, faced a criminal defamation and
computer-related crimes charge filed by Army Task Force 41. The case was
eventually dropped by decision of the state prosecutor in June 2015 following
an international campaign denouncing the Thai Army’s harassment and
intimidation of these HRDs for their legitimate and crucial Human Rights work. </span></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ms. Anchana is Director of Duay Jai Group which
has been working with victims of ill-treatment in national security cases since
January 2010, in Thailand’s southernmost, conflict-affected regions. Following
the release of the report on torture cases, on 14<sup>th</sup> February, Col.
Suratep, Head of the Civil Society Organisations unit under the Internal
Security Operations Command ('ISOC'), contacted Ms. Anchana and other activists
who were involved in compiling the report and summoned them for a discussion.
Ms. Anchana presented herself at Sirinthon Army Camp in Yala Province for the
discussion with seven security officers. The meeting lasted two and a half
hours, during which the officers questioned Ms. Anchana about the cases in the
torture report. The officers expressed their discontent with the report and
requested the human rights defender to henceforth submit all of her
publications to the ISOC prior to their release. Ms. Anchana refused to do so.
Thai Lawyers for Human Rights (TLHR)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> reported that at
about 5 pm on Friday, 19<sup>th</sup> February 2016, a group of ten men in
green uniforms visited the home of Ms. Anchana, in Songkhla Province, but only
Ms. Anchana’s mother was home. Without presenting any warrant, they claimed to
be border police officers and asked about Ms. Anchana’s work and her personal
information. The activist’s mother reported that the men took pictures of her
and the house. She added that before they left they told her to inform Ms.
Anchana not to use Line, a chat application, or Facebook. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<div id="ftn1" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <a href="https://voicefromthais.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/torture-report-english-as-of-10-feb-2016-realeased-version.pdf">https://voicefromthais.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/torture-report-english-as-of-10-feb-2016-realeased-version.pdf</a>
[in English]</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <b>Computer Crimes Act, Article
14.1</b><br />
“Whoever commits the following offences, shall be punished with imprisonment
not exceeding five years and fin not exceeding on hundred thousand baht or
both: <br />
(1) input, into computer system, forged computer data in whole or in part or
false computer data in a manner likely to cause injury to another person or the
public;”</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> See Annex 1 – Human Rights
Defender Profiles for more details.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="footnotetext">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=27256617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="Caractresdenotedebasdepage"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Source: <a href="https://tlhr2014.wordpress.com/2016/02/20/south_threaten/">https://tlhr2014.wordpress.com/2016/02/20/south_threaten/</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-73172940779329762692016-03-12T04:28:00.000-08:002016-03-12T04:31:50.404-08:00Renesas Semiconductor Found guilty of union busting (Star, 12/3/2016)See earlier post, which also provides the full award, and commentary
<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/03/industrial-court-decides-in-favour-of.html">Electronic Union win in 'Union Busting' Case against Renesas Semiconductor? HRD Wan Noorulazhar?</a></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
</h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2013/04/87-groups-renesas-must-immediately.html">87 Groups :- RENESAS MUST IMMEDIATELY ACCORD RECOGNITION TO THE UNION AND REINSTATE WAN NOORULAZHAR</a></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h3>
<div class="date" id="slcontent3_4_sleft_0_pDate">
<br /></div>
<div class="date" id="slcontent3_4_sleft_0_pDate">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpaDTnb85F9j9FMYt39ufOr7yRjvTpEQYuAYtnicbd-xYBT7I-errSWVR9pOSGvcNSHHvxc4Bm9gvZLhi8oFnYGDjj7h-GZ49Mxi4K0oWP5JA5DuZLZSYqlRSYk5bvjsAe32MKkJEVEAQ/s1600/wan+noorulazhar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpaDTnb85F9j9FMYt39ufOr7yRjvTpEQYuAYtnicbd-xYBT7I-errSWVR9pOSGvcNSHHvxc4Bm9gvZLhi8oFnYGDjj7h-GZ49Mxi4K0oWP5JA5DuZLZSYqlRSYk5bvjsAe32MKkJEVEAQ/s1600/wan+noorulazhar.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="date" id="slcontent3_4_sleft_0_pDate">
Saturday, 12 March 2016</div>
<h2 class="headline">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red;">Found guilty of union busting
</span></span></h2>
<div class="byline" id="slcontent3_4_sleft_0_TopHeadTextByLine">
by tashny sukumaran</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">KUALA LUMPUR: An electronics company has been found guilty of union busting by the Industrial Court.</span></span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Court chairman Datuk Mary Shakila G. Azariah said Renesas
Semiconductor KL Sdn Bhd had violated the Industrial Relations Act by
its actions against members of the Electronics Industry Employees Union
Western Region Peninsular Malaysia in its employ.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">She said employers were lawfully bound to respect a worker’s right to
engage in unionism and also they can participate in the lawful
activities of a union.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">She added that employers were also ethically and morally constrained
from interfering with the affairs of a trade union and the right of
workers to organise, discriminate, restrain, or coerce against any
worker because of legitimate trade union activities and abuse authority
in any form.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mary Shakila said this in the complaint of union busting brought by
the union against Renesas for breaching Sections 4(1), 4(3), and
5(1)(d)(i) and (ii) of the Act.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The western region union was registered on Dec 1, 2009, seven months
after the Government approved the unionisation of the workers in the
electronics industry into four regions. Previously, there were only
in-house unions in the electronics sector.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In her 49-page award dated March 8, Mary Shakila said a Renesas
employee, Wan Noorulazhar Mohd Hanafiah, was elected as pro-tem
president of the union but he was told by the plant director that he
“was not to promote the establishment of a national/regional wide union
for the electronics industry” as the company would be forming an
in-house union.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The union submitted a claim for recognition from Renesas on Jan 18, 2010 but the company refused to grant it.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A month later, the company organised a seminar on the setting up of
an in-house union which was attended by members of the Joint
Consultative Committee (JCC) in the company at Cyberview Resort &
Spa.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mary Shakila noted that the timing of the seminar left “a lot to be said” as to the motives of Renesas.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wan Noorulazhar alleged he was offered the role of president in the
proposed in-house union, which he declined, resulting in him being made
to perform tasks below his job grade and being monitored by the Human
Resources Department via CCTV.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">He was later dismissed in 2011 after a domestic inquiry found him
guilty of misconduct for allegedly maligning Renesas Semiconductor
publicly on his Facebook page. Wan Noorulazhar is challenging his
dismissal in the Industrial Court.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">While Mary Shakila refrained from passing comment on his case, she
noted that his termination was “manifestly a union-busting tactic”.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In evaluating the evidence, she said that the company’s witnesses,
all still serving in the employ of the company, “are not to be
believed.” </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“The court is satisfied with the veracity of the union’s witnesses
and their evidence, some of whom are still employed by the company and
have risked their jobs to testify against the company.” - <a href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/12/found-guilty-of-union-busting-electronics-company-renesas-semiconductor-violated-industrial-relation/" target="_blank">Star, 12/3/2016</a></span></span></div>
</div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-80974815461452578272016-02-16T22:05:00.001-08:002016-03-12T04:40:41.671-08:00104 Groups - Immoral for Malaysia to take from Workers to overcome national economic problems,Employers should pay the Levy – Not Migrant Workers <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joint Statement</span></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> – 12/2/2016</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Employers should pay the Levy – Not
Migrant Workers</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Immoral for Malaysia to take from
Workers to overcome national economic problems</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1529001901350137112" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">We the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">10<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">4</span></b> undersigned civil society organisations, trade unions and
groups are shocked by the news that the Malaysian government is increasing the
migrant worker (foreign worker) levy to more than double the current rate,
which since January 2013, had to be paid by the migrant workers
themselves. Prior to that, it was paid by the employer of migrant
workers, whereby the introduction of the levy then was to deter employers
employing migrant workers, rather than local Malaysian workers. This was also
stated by the then Malaysian Labour Director-General Datuk Ismail Abdul Rahim
who was quoted saying that,<b> <i>“…The rationale behind getting employers to
bear the levy was to discourage them from employing foreigners…”</i> </b> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">[<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Star,
16/4/2009]</span></span></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Migrant
Worker Levy Rates Drastically Increased as of 1/2/2016</span></u></i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Malaysian government recently
announced that, as of 1/2/2016, annual levy payable for each migrant worker is
increased to RM2,500 (manufacturing, construction and service sectors) and
RM1,500 (plantation and agriculture). </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Before
this, the annual levy payable for a Migrant Worker in the Manufacturing
sector (RM1,250), Construction sector (RM 1,250), Plantation sector (RM590),
Agricultural sector (RM410) and Services sector (RM1,250 – RM1,850) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">which</span> was so much lower<i>.</i> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This
new rates in comparison greatly burden the migrant worker in that the annual
levy payable per migrant worker will now be doubled, or even tripled. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For
example, a migrant worker in an electronic factory, classified under the
manufacturing sector, who paid a levy of RM1,250 before, will now have to pay
double, RM2,500. A worker earning a monthly minimum wage of RM900, which is the
wage many migrants are paid, will now have to pay more than RM200 for levy,
leaving them with only less than RM700 as their monthly wage, not taking into
account all other wage deductions. This is most unjust.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
is unconscionable for the Malaysian government to target migrant workers in the
hope of making extra income of RM2.5 billion for the country from the 2.1
million documented migrant workers in Malaysia to rescue Malaysia from its
current financial woes. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Easily
Exploited With Almost No Access to Justice Makes Migrant
Workers Vulnerable to Employers</span></u></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When Malaysia,
introduced Minimum Wage, employers and employer groups complained that their
labour cost had gone up, and they could not afford it. In response, the
Malaysian government decided that employers no longer need to pay the migrant
worker levy, thus the obligation to pay the levy fell on migrant workers
themselves.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contract substitution
remains a problem. Migrant workers agree to come to work in Malaysia, but when
they start working, the migrant workers complain that they are now paid lower
than what they had agreed to in their country of origin with the employer
and/or his agent. Many employers have also used the Minimum Wage of RM900, as
the standard wages they pay migrant workers. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because of the debt
incurred by migrant workers in coming to Malaysia to work, which is about
RM5,000 and the practice of employers and/or agents holding on to their
passports and work permits, migrant workers find themselves in a form of bonded
labour, and not able to do anything else but just survive. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">With the very low
wages, they receive; many are forced into doing overtime sometimes 4 hours per
day, working on rest days and even public holidays to make ends meet. Malaysian
law stipulates a draconian overtime limit of 104 hours every month. This means,
in effect migrant workers can be forced to work for 12 hours a day because in
many workplaces doing overtime is no longer an option that workers can refuse.
As such, migrant workers and even local workers can be considered to be engaged
in some form of ‘forced labour’.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For migrant workers,
access to justice remains a myth for many. When they complain about rights
violations, what happens in many cases is that they are terminated, and their
permit to work and/or remain in Malaysia is also terminated. This causes
migrant workers to be easily controlled and exploited cheaply. They do not even
have the option to claim justice.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Employers
Contribute Less to Migrant Workers Income</span></u></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Under the Malaysian law, employers
are required to contribute 13% of the monthly income, inclusive of overtime
earnings, to the Employees Provident Fund, this requirement is not applicable
to the migrant workers. This makes migrant workers cheaper.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Further, since many
employers do not take in migrant workers directly as their own employees, but
take and use them as workers who are supplied by the labour suppliers - legally
known as the contractors for labour - it effectively prevents these supplied migrant
workers the right to join in-house trade unions. Even if they do join
national/regional unions, they simply will not be able to enjoy the extra
rights and benefits that come by reason of a Collective Bargaining Agreement
between Union and Employer, simply by reason that they are not recognised as
employees. Calls for the abolition of the ‘contractor for labour system’ by
trade unions and civil society have gone unheeded by the government. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaysia recognizes
that households earning less than RM4,000 a month requires financial
assistance, and local workers do get a small assistance from the government
through the BR1M program – but migrant workers are excluded from this benefit.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Weakening
Ringgit Causes Migrants to earn 20-40% less</span></u></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Whilst, the financial
problems Malaysia is facing, coupled with the increased cost of living - new
taxes, increased transportation costs, and the weakening of the Malaysian
Ringgit in relation to currency of the country of origins of migrants – it is
the migrant worker who suffers the most. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The weakening ringgit
also means that the money migrant workers send back home to their families is
now much less and this has a serious impact on their families/dependents and the
ability to settle their debts back home. It was recently reported, that
"For instance, employees from Bangladesh used to make 44 taka for every
RM1, but now it is about 17 taka. The drop is very drastic, more than
40%."Even the ringgit to the Indonesian rupiah has seen a drop in value by
20%," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Malaysian Insider, 5/2/2016)</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Unjust to
impose New Financial Obligations On</span></u></b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">
<b>Migrant Workers Already In Malaysia</b></span></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is totally unjust
for Malaysia to impose new financial obligations by law on migrant workers,
which did not exist when they agreed with their employers to come and work in
Malaysia for 3-5 years. Any new obligations especially of payment by migrant
workers should only apply to new migrant workers who have yet to agree to come
to Malaysia to work – certainly not to those who are already here and working.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Malaysian Trade Union
Congress(MTUC) and employer groups have been informed that employers will now
have to pay migrant worker levy. This was also mentioned in a media
report, which stated, ‘<i>The FMM[Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers] said <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>the government recently informed
employers that the levy burden would be shifted back to them</u></b><u>.</u>
(Star, 2/2/2016). </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">However, employer
groups have started a campaign lobbying the Malaysian government to
re-consider, and </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the Malaysian government has been reported as saying that they
may re-consider. There is concern that this re-consideration may not just
be about the amount of levy payable, but also the question as to who will have
to pay the levy – migrant workers or their employer?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Therefore,
we the undersigned </span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Call on the Malaysian government in
the name of justice, to ensure that it must be the employers of migrant workers
that should be paying this Migrant Worker levy – not the migrant workers;</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Call on the Malaysian government to
also reconsider the increase of the levy rate, at this time whilst Malaysia,
and especially small Malaysian businesses, are affected by the economic crisis
and the effect of the falling Malaysian ringgit. </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Call on the Malaysian government to
increase the Minimum Wage of all workers in Malaysia to RM1,200 – RM1,500, to
compensate for the increased cost of living in Malaysia, and the falling value
of the Malaysian ringgit with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reference
to the currency in migrant worker’s countries of origin. </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Call on the Malaysian government to
abolish the ‘contractor for labour’ system, and ensure that all workers that
are working in a workplace are all recognised employees of the said workplace,
and are treated equally as workers.</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Charles Hector</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Mohd Roszeli bin Majid</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Pranom Somwong</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">For and on behalf of
the 10<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">4</span> organisations, trade unions and groups listed below </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ALIRAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Alternative
ASEAN Network on Burma (ALTSEAN-Burma)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Asia
Monitor Resource Centre(<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">AMRC</span>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Asia
Floor Wage Alliance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Asia
Pacific Forum on Women Law and Development (APWLD)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Association
of Human Rights Defenders and Promoters- Myanmar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Asociación de trabajadoras del Hogar a
Domicilio y de Maquila, ATRAHDOM, Guatemala, Centro Amercia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bangladesh
Groep Nederland (Bangladesh Group The Netherlands)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Bangladesh
Institute of Labour Studies- BILS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">BLAST,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Boat
People SOS (BPSOS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Building
and Wood Workers International (BWI) Asia Pacific Region</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Campagna
Abiti Puliti – Italy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">CARAM
Asia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Clean
Clothes Campaign International Office(CCC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Club</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
Employees <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Union</span> Peninsular
Malaysia(CEUPM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Coalition
to Abolish Modern-day Slavery in Asia (CAMSA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Crispin
B. Beltran Resource Center (CBBRC),Philippines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">CWI
Malaysia (Committee for Workers International)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Defend
Job Philippines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Fair
– Italy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">FAIR
ACTION, Sweden</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Foundation
For Women, Thailand </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Garment
and Allied Workers Union, India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">German
Clean Clothes Campaign</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Homeworkers
Worldwide, United Kingdom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IDEAL
(Institute for Development of Alternative Living</span><span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Gothic";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IndustriALL
Bangladesh Council (IBC) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Institut
Rakyat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">International
Labor Rights Forum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Jaringan
Rakyat Tertindas (JERIT)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Jatio
Shromik Federation (JSF), Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Karmojibi
Nari (KN), Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Kesatuan
Pekerja-Pekerja Perodua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Kesatuan
Sekerja Industri Elektronik Wilayah Selatan, Semenanjung Malaysia (KSIEWSSM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Knowledge
and Rights with Young people through Safer Spaces (KRYSS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Labour
Behind the Label</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Labour
Studies and Action Centre (CEREAL), Mexico</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Legal
support for Children and Women (LSCW), Cambodia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">MADPET
(Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Malaysian
Election Observers Network</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Malaysian
Trades Union Congress (MTUC) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">MAP
Foundation (Thailand)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">MHS
Aviation Employees Union</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Migrante
International</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Mission
for Migrant Workers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Myanmar
Migrants Rights Centre</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">NAMM (Network
of Action for Migrants in Malaysia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">National
Garment Workers Federation (NGWF), Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">National
Union Employees in Companies Manufacturing Rubber Products (NUECMRP)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">National
Union of Transport Equipment & Allied Industries Workers (NUTEAW), Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">NLD
LA Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">North
South Initiative</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Oriental
Hearts and Mind Study Institute(OHMSI)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Panggau
Sarawak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Paper
Products Manufacturing Employees’ Union of Malaysia (PPMEU) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Parti
Rakyat Malaysia(PRM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Parti
Sosialis Malaysia (PSM)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Pax
Romana ICMICA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Peoples
Service Organisation (PSO)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Persatuan
Sahabat Wanita Selangor (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PSWS</span>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Pertubuhan
Angkatan Bahaman, Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">PROHAM
-Persatuan Promosi Hak Asasi Manusia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Radanar
Ayar Rural Development Association, Myanmar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Repórter
Brasil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Safety
and Rights Society, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Sahabat
Rakyat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Schone
Kleren Campagne (CCC Netherlands)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">SEA
Women's Caucus on ASEAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Solidarity
of Cavite Workers (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SCW</span>),
Philippines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Sramik
Nirapotta Forum, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">SUARAM</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Tenaga
National Berhad Junior Officers Union (TNBJOU)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">TENAGANITA Women’s
Force, Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Textile
Clothing and Footwear Union of Australia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">The
Collectif Ethique sur létiquette, Clean Clothes Campaign French</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Think
Centre, Singapore</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">UNI
Global Union</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">War
on Want</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">WARBE
Development Foundation, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">WH4C
(Workers Hub For Change)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Women
Peace Network-Arakan, Myanmar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Women
Rehabilitation Center (WOREC), Nepal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Workers
Assistance Center, Inc (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">WAC</span>) ,
Philippines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Vietnamese
Women for Human Rights</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Yaung
Chi Oo Workers Association-YCOWA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Yayasan
Lintas Nusa, Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">IMA
Research Foundation, Bangladesh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">International
Trade Union Confederation(ITUC)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Women's
Aid Organisation(WAO), Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PINAY</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
(The Filipino Women's Organization in Quebec), Canada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Cividep
India</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Kesatuan
Sekerja Industri Elektronik Wilayah Utara Semenanjung Malaysia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Centro Nuovo Modello di
Sviluppo – Italy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">National
Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NUFAM</span>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Pusat
KOMAS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Perak
Women for Women Society (PWW)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Asian
Migrant Centre</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Center
for Alliance of Labor and Human Rights (CENTRAL)-Cambodia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Labour
Education and Service Network</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Mekong
Migration Network(MMN)</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Kilusang
Mayo Uno (KMU), Philippines</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">MARUAH,
Singapore</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Center
for Migrant Advocacy (<b>CMA</b>) Philippines</span></div>
</span><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><b><u>Media coverage</u></b>:- </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/02/employers-should-pay-foreign-worker.html">Employers should pay foreign worker levy, say civil society groups (Malaysian Insider)</a></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/02/immoral-malaysia-gets-ticking-off.html">'IMMORAL' MALAYSIA GETS A TICKING OFF: Bosses should pay the levy – NOT the migrant workers (Malaysia Chronicle, 13/2/2016))</a></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/02/employers-should-pay-levy-not-migrant_13.html">Employers should pay the levy, not migrant workers (Malaysiakini, 12/2/2016)</a></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
</h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">The said Joint Statement was send to the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Minister of Human Resources, Minister of Home Affair (who is in charge of the Immigration Department), Opposition Leader in Parliament and SUHAKAM(Malaysia's Human Rights Commission). The emailed copy can be seen at ... </span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/02/101-groups-letter-to-pm-najib-employers.html">101
Groups Letter to PM Najib - Employers should pay the Levy – Not Migrant
Workers , Immoral for Malaysia to take from Workers to overcome
national economic problems</a></span>
</h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> </span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
</h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
</h3>
</div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-26899581159823943612016-02-07T20:47:00.001-08:002016-02-07T20:47:26.642-08:00Reducing worker savings for old age - to allow them to spend now to save Malaysia is Wrong?<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/01/epf-workers-suffer-again-bn-government.html">EPF:- Workers suffer again BN Government proposes reduction of EPF contribution?</a>
</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Najib
Tun Razak and the BN government is now proposing that the workers
contribution to the Employees Provident Fund(EPF) will be reduced by
3%. </span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sounds great - but wait a minute. This would mean that the <span style="color: red;"><b>amount of monthly monies paid into the Worker's EPF Account would reduce</b></span>...and this is not right as the <b><span style="color: blue;">EPF
is the 'Simpanan Hari Tua' (Savings for old age) - this money is to
sustain the livelihood of the worker and his family/dependents in their
old age when the worker is no longer able to work and earn....until the
day he/she dies.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Public
servants generally will get pensions right up to the day they die, and
thereafter pension will still be paid out to their spouses, and children
who have yet to reach the age of majority. These workers, under the EPF
scheme, do not have this guaranteed pension payments. It will be the
money that they have in their EPF accounts that is expected to support
them in the old age.</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As it
is, it has already been acknowledged, that for most workers in Malaysia,
the amount of money that will be in their accounts will now be
insufficient to be able to provide for the livelihood of the worker in
his old age, In fact, I believe the government is trying to deal with
this very real problem with some form of a 'pension scheme' - but it is
all work in progress.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">So,
this BN government is asking poor workers to reduce the save for their
old age - and spend that money now. This is so irresponsible.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If
Najib is saying that the workers mandatory contribution is reduced by
3%, whilst the employer's contribution is increased - which results in
the same amount of monthly contribution to the EPF accounts, then it is
OK.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If Najib is saying that the worker's mandatory contribution is reduced by 3%, and the government will bank in the said 3%</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">- which results in the same amount of monthly contribution to the EPF accounts, then it is OK.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But certainly not, this 'save less for your old age' proposal is absurd<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">,<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> and at the end of the day<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">, it is workers under the EPF/KWSP scheme that loses out in the long run. </span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">WHY?
So workers will have more money to spend to help the Malaysian economy.
This logic was also used in the past by the BN government in the past -
when they started allowing workers to take out money from the 'old age
savings account'(EPF Account) to spend now for houses, etc...Then also,
the rationale, I believe, was to ensure that more money will be spend
now by these workers for the sake of the Malaysian economy... </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">How
much really should a worker be having in his/her EPF account when he/she
reaches 55/60/65 to allow him to be able to survive and sustain his/her
and dependents livelihood until he/she dies? RM250,000 - RM300,000?
Well, we know that for most workers, they will not have even that
amount. Factor in the ever increasing cost of living, and also the other
monthly loan-repayment obligations. Some workers who purchased homes,
will still be repaying loans even after they reach the age they can
withdraw from the EPF (old age savings account).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A
perusal of the workers, who have already withdrawn from the EPF account,
will also show that many of them now do not enough money to sustain
their lives until they die.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hence, Najib's proposal is short-sighted and do not take into account the future lives of workers<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> and their families.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Remember,
the EPF scheme affects all private sector workers - and, this BN
government, has been shown to be not bothered. While, government
employees minimum wages are raised now to RM1,200, the private sector
minimum wage will be raised maybe in the middle of the year to just
RM1,000. Government employees have COLA[Cost of Living Allowances],
private sector workers do not have this. Government employess enjoy
access to very low interest loans, but private sector workers do not.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Government
employees generally enjoy regular employment until retirement - but in
the private sector the government is allowing the unfettered rice of
precarious employment practices - short fixed term employment contracts,
the unjust contractor for labour systems,...</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Now,
Saudi Arabia allegedly gave Najib a RM2 billion 'donation' - but he
allegedly returned a large amount of it to the donor - that could have
been donated by Najib Tun Razak to the government...?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Our
target must be that the workers earn MORE and that is sufficient for the
livelihood, and for their spending now. They should not be forced, to
reduce the contribution to their 'savings for their old age'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is
the government itself that is to be blamed for the increase of cost of
living - so, what needs to be done is to reduce that, so the monies
earned by workers now is sufficient...</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When a
worker takes a loan, he pays high interest to the bank - but if he
saves his money in the bank, he receives such low interest. Then, the
government allowed banks to impose other charges for withdrawals, for
bank statements, etc .. In short, it looks like the Malaysian BN
government discourages savings and encourages spending...and for the
future of the worker and their family, this smells trouble...</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">So, Malaysia must increase subsidies for the basic minimal items required by the worker and family for survival. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Maybe, the government should abolish road tols... reduce water and electricity rate...</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Maybe,
the recent increase in MP, Senators and ADUNs allowances should be
reduced... PM and Ministers pays should be cut. GLC CEOs, Directors and </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sadly, the rich feels it not - but please do consider the majority who are poor... </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Worker earning RM1,000 - with reduction of EPF contribution by 3%, he will take home an extra RM30 a month, RM360 a year. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">RM360 a year - with, say an EPF interest of 6%, he gets RM21 in interest per year.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">So,
happily the government said that all this will be spent - RM8billion.
Hello, that is the workers' money not being saved but spent... </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h1>
REVISED BUDGET 2016: <span style="color: red;">Workers’ EPF contribution cut 3%</span></h1>
<div class="article-meta-2">
<div class="author">
<b>BY ANISAH SHUKRY</b></div>
<div class="datetime">
Published: 28 January 2016 12:49 PM | Updated: 28 January 2016 3:59 PM</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<article>
<span class="caption-box big-picture" style="width: 540px;"><img alt="EPF contribution by employees will be reduced by 3% under the revised Budget 2016. – The Malaysian Insider file pic, January 28, 2016." src="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/assets/uploads/articles/EPF_MEDIA_BRIEFING_ANNUAL_REPORT_100415_TMINAJJUA_08.JPG" style="height: 360px; width: 540px;" /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span class="img-caption">EPF
contribution by employees will be reduced by 3% under the revised
Budget 2016. – The Malaysian Insider file pic, January 28, 2016.</span></i></span></span></article></div>
<br />
<article><span class="caption-box big-picture" style="width: 540px;"><span class="img-caption"> </span></span></article><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<article>Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak announced the following measures under Putrajaya's recalibration of Budget 2016:<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><b>EPF contributions by employees to be reduced by 3% from March this
year until December 2017. Contribution rate by employers, however,
remains the same. </b></span></span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><b>
</b></span></span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Najib said the reduced contributions would boost spending by an estimated RM8 billion.</b></span></span></span></li>
<li>Tax exemption of RM2,000 for Malaysians earning RM8,000 and below
for the financial year of 2015, a move that would affect two million tax
payers.</li>
<li> </li>
</ul>
<b>Food and cost of living</b><br />
<ul>
<li>To reduce the cost of daily food items, approved permits (APs) for
agricultural products, including coffee beans and meats, will be
liberalised.</li>
<li>The Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (Fama) will open MyFarm
outlets to sell produce direct from farmers to consumers at prices
between 5 to 20% cheaper.</li>
<li>Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry to increase the number of affordable shopping outlets like hypermarkets.</li>
<li>RM50 incentive for every metric tonne of rice for paddy farmers.</li>
<li>MyBeras programme introduced – 20kg of free rice for every registered hardcore poor household.</li>
<li>GST to remain at the same rate (6%).</li>
<li>Cash aid programme BR1M will be continued: "The government will not
compromise on what is right for the country and people," Najib said.</li>
</ul>
<b>Housing</b><br />
<ul>
<li>For new housing developments, sale of houses priced not more RM300,000 to be limited to first-time house buyers.</li>
<li>Bank Simpanan Nasional and Bank Rakyat to offer assistance packages
at 4% for homes costing RM35,000 under the People's Housing Projects or
PR1MA.</li>
</ul>
<span class="awsm">
<span id="div-gpt-ad-1400601790726-3">
</span></span><br />
<b>Human resources</b>
<ul>
<li>30% of levy contributed to the Human Resources Development Fund will
be used to improve workers' skills and competency, including for those
retrenched. </li>
<li>Government to continue fine-tuning foreign worker management system.
Foreign workers' levy will be clustered into two categories but will
not include domestic helpers.</li>
<li>To implement a relocation and rehiring programme for undocumented workers so that they can get valid work permits.</li>
</ul>
<span class="caption-box pull-left" style="float: left; width: 450px;"><img alt="Datuk Seri Najib Razak addresses senior government officials in Putrajaya today to announce changes to Budget 2016. – The Malaysian Insider pic by Afif Abd Halim, January 28, 2016." src="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/assets/uploads/articles/budget_revised_najib_afif_280116.jpg" style="float: left; height: 300px; width: 450px;" /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span class="img-caption">Datuk
Seri Najib Razak addresses senior government officials in Putrajaya
today to announce changes to Budget 2016. – The Malaysian Insider pic by
Afif Abd Halim, January 28, 2016.</span></i></span></span><b>Improving revenue collection</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Government to increase action against tax evaders; late-filing penalties to be reduced.</li>
<li> </li>
<li>Sale of alcohol and cigarettes on tax-free islands to be limited to
licensed, tax-free stores, in order to reduce leakage of up to RM1
billion in revenue.</li>
<li> </li>
<li>Tighten taxes on exemptions for imported vehicles on tax-free islands.</li>
<li> </li>
<li> </li>
<li> </li>
<li> </li>
<li>Optimise revenue from telecommunications by redistributing bidding processes.</li>
<li>Develop government-owned strategic areas through a bidding process. </li>
</ul>
<b>Development spending</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Priority to be given to affordable housing, hospitals, schools, roads, public transportation and security.</li>
<li>Non-physical projects and projects that are still at planning stage
will be postponed. This move is expected to save the government RM5
billion.</li>
</ul>
<b>Civil service and government-linked companies</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Government to keep its promise of July 1, 2016 additional salary increase for civil servants.</li>
<li>Government will not touch civil service emoluments and will not stop the services of contract staff in the public sector.</li>
<li>GLCs urged to reduce salary gap between top management and staff. This will be monitored by the Economic Planning Unit.</li>
<li>Government to keep its promise of July 1, 2016 additional salary increase for civil servants.</li>
</ul>
<b>Education and scholarships</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Government to continue the following four Public Service Department (JPA) scholarships for 2016:</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
1. The National Scholarship Programme
(Program Biasiswa Nasional) will allow 20 top SPM-scorers to pursue
their studies in universities abroad;</div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
2. The Engineering Special Programme
(Program Khas Kejuruteraan) for 200 students to pursue their studies in
Germany, France, Korea and Japan;</div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
3. The Bursary Programme (Program Lepasan
Bursary) for 744 students to pursue their undergraduate degrees in
public and private higher education institutions in the country; and</div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
4. Scholarships for 8,000 students to pursue undergraduate degrees locally.</div>
<ul>
<li>The National Higher Education Fund Loan (PTPTN) allocation of RM5 billion will remain.</li>
<li>Offers to enroll in MyMaster programme to increase by 15,000, MyPhd
by 5,000 and IPTA (public universities) Academic Training Scheme by 300.
Government to boost allocation by RM300 million.</li>
<li>MyBrain1 and the Bumiputera Academic Training Scheme will be continued. – January 28, 2016.</li>
</ul>
</article>
- See more at: <a href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/revised-budget-2016-workers-epf-contributions-cut-3#sthash.eJOHhmP3.dpuf" target="_blank">http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/revised-budget-2016-workers-epf-contributions-cut-3#sthash.eJOHhmP3.dpuf</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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Thursday, 28 January 2016 | MYT 12:11 PM</div>
<h2 class="headline">
Najib presents revised 2016 Budget
</h2>
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by dina murad <span class="txt-byline">and</span> akil yunus</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">PETALING JAYA: Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak <b><i>(pic)</i></b> has announced a revised Budget <span style="font-weight: lighter;">2016</span><span style="font-weight: lighter;"> </span><span style="font-weight: lighter;">to optimise the country's developmental and operational expenditures in the face of slower economic growth.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The revised budget will include precautionary and proactive measures
in managing national revenue and expenditures, while ensuring that the
well-being of the people remained a priority.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Najib said the recalibration is necessary due to a slump in global
oil prices and a slower economic growth in the United States and China.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">When Budget 2016 was unveiled in Parliament last October, the crude oil price was at US$48 (RM203) per barrel.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">However, the current price per barrel stands at US$30 (RM127), a sharp fall since the Budget was presented.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Highlights</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- The 2016 global economy expected to be more challenging and economic groweth expected to fall from 3.6% to 3.4%.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Malaysia not alone in facing global economic challenges. Current crude oil price stands at US$31 (RM131) per barrel.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Latest developments indicate that the global economy is at a very
volatile stage and requires a proactive move to revise Budget 2016.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- We are not in a recession, neither are we in a technical recession.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- Eleven recalibrated measures announced.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- <span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><b>1. EPF contributions by employees to be reduced by 3%. This is expected to increase private sector spending by RM8bil.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 2. Tax relief of up to RM2,000 to those with income RM8,000 a month or lower. Two million taxpayers to benefit.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 3. To reduce cost of living, Govt to liberalise APs for agricultural products including coffee beans and meats.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 4. Domestic Trade, Cooperatives and Consumerism Ministry ordered to increase enforcement and action against unethical traders.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 5. 30% of contributions to the human resource development fund to
be utilised for skills training, including those who are unemployed.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 6. MyBeras programme to be introduced until Dec 2016. Each hardcore poor family will be given 20kg of rice every month.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 7. The Government will update the management system of foreign
workers, with levies clustered into two categories, not including
foreign maids.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 8. Government will exercise prudent spending on supplies and services and to continue with grant rationalisation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 9. Development budget to focus on projects and programmes that
place the people first, have high multiplier effect and reduce imports.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 10. Development financial institutions and Government venture
capital funds to increase allocations by RM6bil for benefit of start-ups
and SMEs.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">- 11. GLCs urged to implement initiatives to reduce the income gap
between senior management and workers, to be monitored by the Economic
Planning Unit.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Najib said Thursday's recalibrated budget was based on the approach of "shared responsibility" by certain segments of society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">He said lower-income groups will not be affected, and continue to
benefit from measures such as the 1Malaysia People's Aid (BR1M).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">"The present rate of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) will also be
retained at 6%. The Government has no plans to increase this," said
Najib at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">He also said that Malaysia would not resort to imposing capital
controls and pegging the Ringgit, such as was done during the 1997-1998
financial crisis.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">"The Government remains committed to maintaining the fiscal
consolidation measures for 2016, which is to achieve a GDP target of
3.1%.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">"Our country's debt will be reduced and will not exceed 55% of the
GDP. The Government also has no plans to impose capital controls and peg
the Ringgit," he said.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Najib also made mention of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement
(TPPA), which had been debated at a special Parliamentary sitting on
Tuesday and Wednesday.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">He provided assurances that with the signing of the free trade
agreement, there would be no compromise on the country's sovereignty.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">"The Bumiputera agenda remains intact. In fact, it is no longer a
national agenda. With the TPPA, it has reached a global scale," he
added. -</span> <a href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/01/28/najib-presents-revised-2016-budget/" target="_blank">Star, 28/1/2016</a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-38208752964277470892016-02-07T20:44:00.002-08:002016-02-07T20:44:56.817-08:00Immoral to take RM2.5 billion from 2.1 million migrant workers - LEVY more than doubled?<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
<a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2016/02/higher-levy-for-migrant-workers-workers.html">Higher levy for migrant workers - to pay more than RM200 per month? - UNJUST</a>
</h3>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Forced
Labour? Bonded Labour? - well, when Malaysia raised the levy payable by
migrant workers to RM2,500 on 1/2/2016, the amount payable monthly will
be more that RM200, and with many migrant workers earning RM900 per
month(Minimum Wages), will now be earning less than RM700-00, and that
is so unjust. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hence, to survive, these migrant workers will be <span style="color: red;"><u>forced</u></span> to work overtime. Malaysian laws, as it is, provide for a very unjust legal overtime limit of 10<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">4</span>
hours - meaning for every working day, workers can be made to work an
overtime of 4 hours - meaning they could be working 12 hours every
working day. - See earlier post - <a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2014/09/ot-workers-in-malaysia-have-choice-to.html">OT - workers in Malaysia have a choice to refuse? Reduce draconian OT limit of 104 hours/month to 50 hr/mth</a> Interestingly, the Malaysian government is said to be thinking of increasing OT limits even further. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">LEVY
should be paid by employers choosing to employ migrant workers rather
than local workers - it acts as a DETERRENT to employers. That was the
object when migrant workers levy was introduced. <span style="line-height: 115%;">Labour
Director-General Datuk Ismail Abdul Rahim was quated saying that, <i><span style="color: red;">“…The
rationale behind getting employers to bear the levy was to discourage them from
employing foreigners…”</span></i> [<i>Star, 16/4/2009]
</i></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">But
alas, some employers were recuperating the monies spent for levy and
other expenses, by getting permission of the Director General of Human
Resources to give workers higher than permitted wage advancements OR
higher wage deductions, and then recovering vide these advancements
and/or deductions the monies employer spend on migrant workers including
sometimes the levy. Finally, 0n April 2009, the Malaysian stopped this
practice - making it very clear once again that levy was to be paid by
the employer not the workers.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Then
with the coming of Minimum Wages, and responding to employers of
migrant workers that their cost had increased, on or about January 2013,
the government changed their position saying that now migrant workers
will have to pay the levy amount ( see earlier post -<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2013/02/ksiewtsm-makes-it-74-saying-no-to-wage.html">KSIEWTSM makes it 74 saying No to Wage Deduction to recover Levy Payable By Employers </a></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Annual levy payable for a Migrant Worker before was -
Manufacturing sector (RM1,250), Construction sector (RM 1,250), Plantation
sector (RM590), Agricultural sector (RM410) and Services sector (RM1,250 –
RM1,850)<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>(rates as checked on November 2014).</i></span> Now, as of 1/2/2016, levy payable is RM2,500(manufacturing, construction and service sectors</span>) and RM1,500(plantation and agriculture)</span> </span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Now there are only two categories. The first is for those in the
<b>manufacturing, construction and service sector. Here each worker will be
charged the new rate of RM2,500.</b>
"For those in the <b>plantation and agriculture, which come under the second category, the rate is RM1,500, per workers.</b>"<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span>Zahid said domestic workers were exempted.</span></span></span></i></span></h1>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
brief, levy payable has doubled for construction, manufacturing and
service. For plantation and agriculture, it seems to have gone up
higher.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Most
unjust for foreign workers already here and working now. They came on
the basis of the representation as to their financial obligations (levy,
work permit, medical insurance, etc) then when they decided to come to
Malaysia to work, and many came to Malaysia for work for 3-5 years. To
suddenly be imposed with a new obligation of having to pay themselves
the Levy in 2013, and now to have to pay even more is most unjust. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Unlike,
local workers, these migrant workers have incurred many other expenses
even before they came which resulted in the taking out of loans, etc
(estimated about RM5,000 or more), and are now to be burdened even more
financial obligations is grossly unjust. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">They
are bound by contracts, and early return to their home country is
problematic and not an option to many - if they elect to do so, they may
lose out on entitlements like travel home cost, etc. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">For many, they have no choice, and are stuck - forced to work under ever increasing unjust conditions...<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>(see also post, which states levy rates applicable in 2014, and I believe, there was no change until now)</i></span> - </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2014/11/unjust-to-compel-migrant-workers-in.html">Unjust to compel Migrant Workers in Malaysia to pay higher rates for healthcare in government hospitals?</a></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Note also that the declining value of the Malaysian Ringgit, seriously impacted them - see earlier post<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0000ee;"><span style="font-family: serif;"><u> </u><span style="color: #0000ee;">-</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://charleshector.blogspot.my/2015/08/dropping-ringgit-migrant-workers-worst.html">Dropping Ringgit - Migrant workers worst affected now, but soon all in Malaysia may experience the same?</a></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hence,
in the name of justice, if there are to be new financial obligations,
it rightfully should ONLY apply to new migrant workers coming in to
Malaysia after this. Then, they will be coming to Malaysia, fully
informed on all their obligations, financial and otherwise.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As
it is the growing number of undocumented workers, may be because of all
these restrictions and financial obligations imposed on the documented
migrant worker. As it is contract substitution has always been a problem
- what was promised and agreed to before they decided to come to
Malaysia to work, and what happened in Malaysia when they started
working was different, not just in terms of wages. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">It
would be good for the Malaysian government to transparently tell us,
how many of the undocumented migrant workers in Malaysia came in
initially as documented migrant workers? It would also be good to know
why other migrant workers chose to come to Malaysia to work as
undocumented workers - rather than coming in through the proper channels
as documented workers? </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Now,
the reason why they come to Malaysia to work is clearly because there
is work here - and there are so many Malaysian employers who are willing
to risk employing migrant workers. </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">While
Malaysia's Federal Constitution guarantees equality to all PERSONs (not
just citizens) in Malaysia, and even its Employment Act has a specific
provision making it illegal to treat migrant workers and local workers
differently (see section 60L Employment Act 1955), the guarantee for
equality. And, worse still the violator is not the Employer, but rather
the Malaysian government.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">For
migrant workers, access to justice is certainly a problem - to complain
normally results in speedy termination and the cancellation of work
permits. While most government departments, tribunals and labour courts
require the presence of the complainant for the complaints procedure to
proceed, migrant workers who lose their right to remain in Malaysia on
cancellation of their permits, are forced to leave the country - and
justice is not done. Violators of the law easily escape. This is
happening not just in labour cases but also criminal cases.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Now,
the financial problems facing Malaysia now, should be blamed on the
Barisan Nasional government under the Premiership of Najib Tun Razak. A
good government, would have foreseen problems, and had in place measures
to overcome it. But sadly, this government's solution is transfer the
burden to Malaysians, workers and now migrant workers. Subsidies were
removed, a new Goods and Services Tax was introduced shifting the burden
of collecting these taxes from point of production to the the retailer
and the consumer, toll rates have been increased, workers being asked to
'save less for the future' and spend money now policy, increasing levy
payment obligations of migrant workers, Interestingly, no proposal to
reduce peoples' representatives (Members of Parliament, Senators, ADUNs)
wages/allowances that was just increased a lot, or reduce the number of
Ministers in a very large Cabinet, ...</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1>
</h1>
<h1>
RM2.5 billion expected from new foreign workers’ levy rate system, says Zahid</h1>
<div class="article-meta-2">
<div class="datetime">
Published: 31 January 2016 2:27 PM </div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<article>
<span class="caption-box big-picture" style="width: 540px;"><img alt="Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi says a new levy system for foreign workers will be bringing in RM2.5 billion to the country. – The Malaysian Insider file pic, January 31, 2016." src="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/assets/uploads/articles/AHMAD-ZAHID-HAMIDI_DERADICALISATION-AND-COUNTERING-VIOLENT-EXTREMISM_TMINAJJUA_250116_08.jpg" style="height: 360px; width: 540px;" /><span class="img-caption">Datuk
Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi says a new levy system for foreign workers will
be bringing in RM2.5 billion to the country. – The Malaysian Insider
file pic, January 31, 2016.</span></span>Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
said the government's decision to restructure the levy rate system for
foreign workers into two categories was expected to bring an extra
income of RM2.5 billion to the country.<br />
The deputy prime minister said today the new rate would come into effect beginning tomorrow, February 1.<br />
Previously, he said the foreign workers were charged different rates
were based on the sectors where they worked such as manufacturing,
construction, service, plantation and agriculture.<br />
<span class="awsm">
<span id="div-gpt-ad-1400601790726-3">
</span></span><br />
"Now there are only two categories. The first is for those in the
manufacturing, construction and service sector. Here each worker will be
charged the new rate of RM2,500.
"For those in the plantation and agriculture, which come under the second category, the rate is RM1,500, per workers."<br />
Zahid said domestic workers were exempted.<br />
According to statistics, he said there were now some 2.135 million registered foreign workers in the country.<br />
"Our Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak had in his 2016 national recalibrated budget speech touched on this restructuring.<br />
"This is in accordance with the development in the country's economic scenario and that at international level."<br />
He said the government needed to come up with the new rates as the
foreign workers were also enjoying various benefits such as subsidised
prices for food and other necessities, which were only meant for the
country's citizens.<br />
"They are enjoying our good infrastructures too but we are also
acknowledging the vital roles they play in our nation-building and to
our economy." – Bernama, January 31, 2016.</article> - See more at:
http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rm2.5-billion-expected-from-new-foreign-workers-levy-rate-system-says-zahid#sthash.UCft6mQm.dpuf
WH4Chttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11890899496591659398noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1529001901350137112.post-17660533754045190452015-11-18T09:51:00.000-08:002015-11-18T09:51:14.792-08:00Government-Owned MAB, the new Malaysian Airlines Operator, Must Recognize Unions and Not Deny Freedom of Association (62 Groups)<i><u><span style="font-size: x-small;">Joint Statement – 19/11/2015
</span></u></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Government-Owned MAB,
the new Malaysian Airlines Operator, Must Recognize Unions and Not Deny Freedom
of Association.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">We, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">62</span></b> undersigned trade unions, civil society organisations and
groups are shocked that Malaysian government owned Malaysian Airline Berhad
(MAB), the company that took over Malaysian Airlines, chose to ignore the
application for recognition by the <span class="st">National Union of Flight
Attendants Malaysia(NUFAM). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st">In Malaysia,
before a Union can proceed to negotiate and enter into a Collective Bargaining
Agreement(CBA), the employer needs to recognize the said Trade Union. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MAB’s failure to immediately recognize NUFAM reflects
badly on Malaysia who has the duty to respect worker rights especially the
freedom of Association, which is also a right enshrined in the Malaysian
Federal Constitution.</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st">In accordance to
the existing law, NUFAM applied to MAB for recognition vide a letter dated 11/9/2015.</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st">Section 9(3)
Industrial Relations Act 1967 states that, ‘…An employer or a trade union of
employers upon whom a claim for recognition has been served shall, <u>within
twenty-one days</u> after the service of the claim- (a) accord recognition; or
(b) if recognition is not accorded, notify the trade union of workmen concerned
in writing the grounds for not according recognition…’</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MAB did not even have courtesy of replying
to NUFAM within the stipulated 21 days</b>, which can be considered conduct
unbecoming especially of a Malaysian government owned company. </span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st">As required by law,
vide letter delivered on 6/10/2015, NUFAM then </span><span class="casecontent">reported
the matter in writing to the Director General for Industrial Relations</span> to
<span class="casecontent">take such steps or make such enquiries to ascertain the
‘… the competence of the trade union of workmen concerned to represent any
workmen or class of workmen…’ in MAB, and to determine ‘…by way of secret
ballot, the percentage of the workmen or class of workmen, in respect of whom
recognition is being sought, who are members of the trade union of workmen
making the claim. The result of the secret ballot must demonstrate that more
than 50% of the qualified employees are for the Union, whereby those that never
had the opportunity to vote are taken as being against the Union.</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">More than 40 days has lapsed, and the DG
for Industrial Relations has not yet responded to NUFAM.</b> Given that many
employees are hired as fixed-term contract employees, speedy efficient action
is required by the authorities. Delay prejudices workers.</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">Even when
Unions in Malaysia are successful in demonstrating that they have the support of
more than 50% of all qualified employees in a secret ballot, and the Minister
decides that recognition is to be accorded by the employer, some employers are
challenging this decision in court and as a result rights that come with recognition
is put on hold for many years to the detriment of workers and their union. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">When the
Malaysian Airlines was previously operated by Malaysian Airlines Systems
Berhad(MAS Bhd), NUFAM succeeded at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
secret ballot and the Minister decided that NUFAM is recognized by MAS Bhd.
Unfortunately, MAS Bhd commenced a Judicial Review action in court challenging
the Minister’s decision, and this case is still pending.</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Union Busting – Creating a New Legal
Entity</u></b></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">Private
sector companies have been known to in the past form a new separate legal
entity, and then transfer assets and business from the existing company to this
new entity, thereby killing existing unions – forcing workers to start all over
again to form, register and get recognition of unions in the new entity. This
strategy is also used to get rid of worker leaders and workers brave enough to
fight exploitation.</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">It is
disappointing that the Malaysian government is using a similar ‘union busting’
strategy for government owned and/or government-linked companies (GLCs). </span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">Malaysian
Airlines Systems Berhad(MAS Bhd) was the company running the Malaysian Airlines
with about 20,000 employees. What was done was that MAS Bhd apparently
transferred their assets and the airline business to a newly created separate
legal entity, Malaysian Airlines Berhad(MAB), and terminated <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about 20,000 MAS Bhd Employees. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">MAB, the
new company that took over the Malaysian Airlines, employed new employees,
amongst them some 14,000 ex-MAS Bhd employees. All the in-house trade unions
that existed in MAS Bhd were effectively killed.</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">Now, MAB is
free of trade unions. </span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">NUFAM may
be the first union that is seeking recognition from MAB – whereby recognition
is needed to better represent their worker members in MAB and to enter into a
Collective Bargaining Agreement.</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Moratorium on all court action involving
MAS Bhd</u></b></span></span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">To make matters
worse, Malaysia passed a new law – Malaysian Airline System Berhad
(Administration) Act 2015, which amongst others, effectively prevented speedy access
to justice through the courts. A moratorium was put in place preventing court
actions involving MAS Bhd from proceedings. When the moratorium is finally
lifted, it would likely be too late. Justice delayed is justice denied.</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Malaysian Government Owns The Old And
New Company</u></b></span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">Malaysian
government, vide its strategic investment fund Khazanah Nasional, owns both MAS
Bhd and this new MAB. Hence, it is the current Barisan Nasional government
under Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak that is now possibly guilty of union
busting. The denial of speedy recognition of NUFAM and possibly other unions by
the new Malaysian Airline Berhad(MAB) can be said to be anti-worker and
anti-trade union conduct.</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent">Malaysian
Trade Union Laws are oppressive and anti-worker.</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casecontent"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WE CALL FOR</b></span></span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="casecontent">The Immediate
recognition by Malaysian Airline Berhad(MAB), a Malaysian owned company, of National
</span><span class="st">Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia(NUFAM);</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="st">The Malaysian government
to ensure that all government owned and/or government-linked companies(GLCs)
set the highest standards when it comes to respecting worker and trade union
rights in Malaysia;</span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="st">That Malaysia immediately
ratifies ILO Convention No. </span>87 Freedom of Association and Protection of
the Right to Organise Convention, 1948, which is one of 8 fundamental core
conventions;</span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span>That Malaysia immediately amend and/or
repeal trade union laws that are not compliant with international standards
especially freedom of association.<span class="st"> </span></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="casetitle"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles Hector</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mohd Roszeli bin Majid</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pranom Somwong</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For and on
behalf the 62 organisations, trade unions and groups listed below</span></b></span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ALIRAN</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Asia Monitor Resource Centre (AMRC)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Association of Maybank Executives</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">BPSLU (Batangas Pier Stevedores and Dockworkers Labor
Union), Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Center for Trade Union and Human Rights (CTUHR),
Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Centro De Reflexión Y Acción Laboral (CEREAL)<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, México</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Clean Clothes Campaign(CCC)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Committee for Asian Women (CAW)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">CBBRC (Crispin B. Beltran Resource Center), Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Daeduck Employees Union- Ind. , Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eagle Ridge Employees Union, Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Electronic Industry Employees Union (EIEU) Southern
Region, Peninsular Malaysia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">GoodElectronics Network</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hyesung Workers Union-Ind., Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">IDEAL <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">(</span>Institute for Development of Alternative Living<span style="font-family: "ms mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Institut Rakyat</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Inverclyde Advice and Employment Rights Centre, Scotland</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jaringan Kampung Orang Asli Semenanjung Malaysia /JKOASM</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jaringan Orang Asal SeMalaysia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jawatankuasa Bertindak Kuala Lumpur Tak Nak Insinerator</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment,
Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kesatuan Eksekutif AIROD</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kesatuan Eksekutif Canon Opto</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kesatuan Pekerja-Pekerja Mitsui Copper Foil(MCFEU)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Knowledge and Rights with Young people through Safer
Spaces(KRYSS)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">LINTAS NUSA - Batam Indonesia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">MADPET (Malaysians Against Death Penalty and Torture)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Malaysian Youth and Students' Democratic Movement (DEMA)\</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Malaysia Physicians for Social Responsibility</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">MAP Foundation for the Health and Knowledge of Ethnic
Labour, Thailand</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Migrant CARE</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Myanmar Migrants Rights Centre</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Nagkakaisang Manggagawa ng Keyrin Electronics-Ind. ,
Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">NAMM(Network of Action for Migrants in Malaysia)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">National Union Employees in Companies Manufacturing
Rubber Products (NUECMRP)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="st">National Union of Flight Attendants
Malaysia(NUFAM)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">National Union of Journalist (NUJ) Cawangan Utusan Melayu</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">National Union of Transport Equipment & Allied
Industries Workers (NUTEAIW)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">North South Initiative</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Paper Products Manufacturing Employees’ Union of Malaysia
(PPMEU)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Parti Rakyat Malaysia(PRM)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Pax Romana ICMICA </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">People & Planet</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Perak Women for Women Society</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">PERMAS (Persatuan Masyarakat Selangor & Wilayah
Persekutuan)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (EMPOWER)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Persatuan Komuniti Prihatin Selangor dan Kuala Lumpur</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Persatuan Sahabat Wanita Selangor (PSWS) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Projek Dialog, Malaysia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sahabat Rakyat <span style="font-family: "ms gothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">人民之友</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Samahan ng mga Manggagawa sa Eagle Ridge Golf Course and
Residential Estate, Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SAVE Rivers</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">SAWO (Sabah Women's Action Resource Group)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Selangor and KL Hokkien Association Youth Section</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Solidarity of Cavite Workers, Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tenaga Nasional Junior Officers Union (TNBJOU)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tenaganita</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma(<span class="5yl5">Altsean-Burma)</span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br />Workers Assistance Center, Inc (WAC) , Philippines</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">WH4C (Workers Hub For Change)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Yayasan Chow Kit</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Yayasan LINTAS NUSA - Batam Indonesia</span></span></span></span></div>
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